Pride and Prejudice Quiz

Effectiveness of Body Image Portrayal in Different...

What many women think when they see a Victoria’s Secret advertisement on TV is to put the chocolate down and hit the gym. Why is this? To be beautiful and fit is a prerequisite to becoming a model for their various lingerie campaigns. People all around the world tune in to watch the annual Victoria’s Secret Fashion Show, and see their â€Å"Angels† strut down the walkway in lingerie. In today’s society, being thin is considered attractive and acceptable—what the ideal woman should look like. While no one wishes to think him or herself vain, most people are affected by what the media portrays as a standard for beauty. This does not simply affect adolescents, but older generations as well. A Harvard study showed that â€Å"up to two thirds of underweight 12-year-old girls considered themselves to be too fat† (Fox). The media portrays this standard of beauty as adequate and attainable. When one passes by the Victoria’s Secret store and glances at the massive posters of a beautiful model, he or she probably admires the perfection. But is it a fair representation of the average American woman? No. Advertisements such as Victoria’s Secret have been criticized for projecting an unrealistic image of what women should look like to females of all ages. Ads like Victoria’s Secret seem to target college age women. I will analyze two advertisements, Victoria’s Secret and Dove, aimed at different types of women and age groups, paying special attention to audience, purpose and context to support myShow MoreRelatedThe impact of medias representation of ideal body size on attitu des towards own body image952 Words   |  4 Pagescontributing factor towards young women’s attitudes of their own body weight dissatisfaction (Jacobi Cash‚ 1994). This dissatisfaction stems from discrepancies between the accepted standard of female body image repeatedly shown in today’s media and their own bodies leading to the formation of attitudes that their own weight is not adequate. For example, a meta-analysis comparing the results of 25 studies that presented media images of thin models, reported a significant effect size (of d= -0.31)Read MoreDepiction Of Women During Advertisements And Social Media1274 Words   |  6 PagesSelfies.† The word well word known and used by just about every child and adult in America. Miriam Webster defines a selfie as â€Å"an image of oneself taken by oneself using a digital camera especially for posting on social networks.† The key part of that definition is the inclusion of â€Å"especially for postin g on social networks.† Because, after all, that s what a lot of women do. Posting on social networks is what a lot of Americans in general do. The truth of the matter is that women dominate theRead MoreThe Advertising Of Diet Plans And Supplements Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pagesmisrepresentations of the ideal body image through the advertising of diet plans and supplements. Companies in the fitness industry scam people into buying useless products or services by advertising with individuals that have, what the mass media sees as, the perfect body composition. In addition to getting consumers to buy into a product or service, these companies also aid society with the spreading of this fake idea of what classifies as the perfect body. They portray a body image that is unattainableRead MoreGender and Advertising7641 Words   |  31 Pagesadvertisers all have used the idea that men and women are different to develop stories, create conflict, and provide persuasive imagery. Not only do advertisers view men and women differently, but men and women also bring different perspectives to advertising. Thus, we can assume that men and women create dif-ferent meanings from the advertisements they see. Gender roles in our society have changed dramatically since the 1950s, and portrayals of men and women in advertising have been researched sinceRead MoreThe role of sex in advertising is debatable and most individuals, including industry experts,2300 Words   |  10 Pages The role of sex in advertising is debatable and most individuals, including industry experts, conclude that having the target audience of an advertisement comprehend the overall message being sent in an advertisement is the essential objective. In order for a message to get across, the advertisement must first get the attention of the target audience or market. After all, if advertisers are unable to get one’s attention they will not be able to send a message. There are many strategies that advertiser’sRead MoreHow Does Size Matter?2792 Words   |  12 Pagesthe advertising media’s claim that ads using thin body models are most effective in selling the product. It also tested the premise if attractiveness of the model was a contributing factor despite body size and wether or not representing thin body image as ideal has a detrimental effect on women. It presented three images in the ads featuring thin body models, average sized body models, and no models to determine there advertising effectiveness. In order to counter the effect on attractivenessRead MoreThe Effects Of Gendered Representations On Advertising3307 Words   |  14 Pagesexamine the effects of these roles on women, and even men, in today’s society. Effects include body dissatisfaction, thin idealisation and, in extreme cases, violence against women. Thirdly, I will aim to make conclusions on whether gender representations and roles within media have impacts on men and women in society. During the rise of the feminist movement in the late 20th century, a significant body of research emphasised that media and advertising can affect the behaviours, knowledge and beliefsRead MoreAdvertising Stereotype2544 Words   |  11 Pageshave little to say about how they are represented. Anyone who examines North American entertainment and news media will notice that members of ethnic and visible minorities are inadequately represented in entertainment and news media, and that portrayals of minorities are often stereotypical and demeaning. This tendency is particularly problematic in a multicultural country, where some of the population is immigrants and some is visible minorities, along with larger urban centers. Visual representationRead More The Impact of Morality, Religion, and Law Upon Advertising Essay examples5091 Words   |  21 Pagessemi-nude models) but may prohibit any show of pubic hair (Japan), the promotion of contraceptives (France), or the lewd use of women (Scandinavia and the Netherlands) in advertisements. Values change, however. Thus, the spread of AIDS has reopened the issue of advertising condoms and other contraceptives in a totally different context, which transcends the older concerns about birth control and venereal-disease prevention. The law usually parallels religious and moral standards. There are oftenRead MoreThe Birth Of Venus By Sandro Botticelli And The Poem Stanze Per La Giostra By Angelo Poliziano1651 Words   |  7 PagesArt Encyclopedia, depicts the first non-religious nude since classical antiquity (â€Å"Birth of Venus†). Supposedly, Botticelli was commissioned by Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de Medici to paint The Birth of Venus between 1484 and 1486. Botticelli’s portrayal of the mythical goddess of love, Venus was based on the ancient sculpture Venus de Medici. Angelo Ambrogini commonly known by his nickname Poliziano was born in Montepulciano, Italy on July 14, 1454. After the murder of his father, at the age of

What Social Psychological Factors Play a Role in...

To start with it is important to determine what each of these social processes mean, in order to understand which psychological factors are involved. Conformity is a behavioural change in response to social pressure, either real or imagined. Compliance is a behaviour change in response to an explicit request to perform an action. Obedience is a behaviour change in response to a demand or order to carry out an action. Each of these processes are undertaken due to different psychological pressures being put on the individual, from believing that they have no choice but to carry out the action – obedience, to carrying out the action because they want to feel accepted. Conformity has had a lot of interest from psychologists and has caused a†¦show more content†¦In Milgram’s study a participant was told to administer a shock to a person if they answered a question incorrectly. They were told to do this by the experimenter who was wearing a white coat and was portrayed as an authority figure. The participant therefore felt that the responsibility for his actions were being placed on to the experimenters shoulders, rather that their own. The main reason an individual will obey; will be due to the direct response from the high status of the authority figure. Many people would do something that they may not usually do if they were asked to do it by a person in a uniform such as a policeman or a doctor. It is also that they believe they will not be held responsible for their actions as they were only obeying a figure with a higher authority than themselves. Another reason that people may obey another is if there is no clear cut reason why they shouldn’t. If they are told to do something which is considered reasonable by another person, they may obey because there seems no logical reason why they shouldn’t. Compliance is a type of social influence that that involves a direct request from one person to another. Giving a reason with a request will often increase the compliance rate of an individual. If a request is given but without any form of explanation or reasoning behind the request then the compliance rate decreases. Authority figures alsoShow MoreRelatedSocial Influence4418 Words   |  18 PagesSocial influence occurs when ones emotions, opinions, or behaviors are affected by others.[1] Social influence takes many forms and can be seen in conformity, socialization, peer pressure, obedience, leadership, persuasion, sales, and marketing. In 1958, Harvard psychologist, Herbert Kelman identified three broad varieties of social influence.[2] 1. Compliance is when people appear to agree with others, but actually keep their dissenting opinions private. 2. Identification is when peopleRead MoreIntroduction to Principles of Management19125 Words   |  77 Pagescoordinating and integrating human, technical and other resources to accomplish specific results. †¢ A process of getting things done through and with people, by directing and motivating the efforts of individuals towards common objectives. A manager is a person responsible for directing the efforts of others aimed at helping the organization achieve its goals. Managerial performance is the measure of how efficient and effective a manager is. It is how well or best one determines and achieves appropriateRead MoreSources of Ethics20199 Words   |  81 Pagesreligions) and the Ten Commandments, religious morality is clearly a primary force in shaping our societal ethics. The question her concerns the applicability of religious ethics to the business community. 2- Genetic Inheritance: In recent years, social-biologists have lots of evidence and arguments to suggest that the evolutionary forces of natural selection influence the development of the traits such as corporation and alteration that lie at the core of our ethical systems. 3- PhilosophicalRead MoreIntroduction to Large Scale Organizations18988 Words   |  76 Pagesthe alleviation of a social problem or for the benefit of the community -Funds are often generated by promoting a public profile -E.g. Caritas, Oxfam, World Vision The public sector is the part of the economy controlled by the local, state and federal governments. It can be categorised into: Government Departments Government-Business-Enterprises -Aim to provide a high level of service within a specified field, can exist at all 3 levels of government -Also aim to achieve social and political objectivesRead MoreBusiness Ethics Test Questions with Answers Essay22425 Words   |  90 Pages c.  ensure that decisions and transactions conform to the law. d.  function as intermediaries between a company’s stockholders and its executives. Answer: a 19. Identify the gatekeepers who evaluate a company’s financial prospects or creditworthiness, so that banks and investors can make informed decisions. a.  Investors b.  Attorneys c.  Auditors d.  Analysts Answer: d 20.  Identify the gatekeepers who ensure that decisions and transactions conform to the law. a. Accountants b.  Attorneys cRead MorePerformance Appraisal17716 Words   |  71 Pages17. 61-62 63-64 65-70 -3- Specially Uploaded for ProjectsParadise.com MEASURING PERFORMANCE V/S ACTION Come appraisal time and one of the most debated aspects of completing the fair-andsquare appraisal revolves around what is measured and what is achieved . And the fable of the Bees and the Bee Keepers is a very popular paradigm that often gets quoted at such times. It goes thus: The Story: Once upon a time there were two beekeepers that each had a beehive. The beekeepersRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagessolution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PrenticeRead MoreManagement Control Systems Pdf115000 Words   |  460 PagesNeed for the Contingency Approach – Strategy and Control Systems: Corporate Strategy, Business Unit Strategy Chapter 3: Designing Management Control Systems: Steps in Designing Management Control Systems: Choice of Controls, Tightness of Controls – Factors Influencing the Design of Management Control Systems: Managerial Styles and the Design of Control Systems: Corporate Culture and Design of Control Systems, Decentralization and Design of Control Systems, Organizational Slack and Design of ControlRead MoreSociology and Group41984 Words   |  168 Pagesgroup with 7 members has the potential for _______ different types of interactions. a. 9 b. 90 c. 666 d. 900 e. 966 Answer: e. 966 . What is the ideal group size for a problem-solving discussion? a. 3–5 people b. 4–6 people c. 5–7 people d. 6–9 people e. 8–12 people Answer: c. 5–7 people . According to your textbook, the most important factor separating successful groups from unsuccessful ones is a. having a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 12 members in a group. b. a clear goal. Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesEndnotes 367 Glossary 389 Company Index 395 Subject Index 398 v Contents PART 1 UNDERSTANDING HRM Chapter 1 The Dynamic Environment of HRM 2 Learning Outcomes 2 Introduction 4 5 Understanding Cultural Environments 4 The Changing World of Technology What Is a Knowledge Worker? 6 How Technology Affects HRM Practices 6 Recruiting 7 Employee Selection 7 Training and Development 7 Ethics and Employee Rights 7 Motivating Knowledge Workers 7 Paying Employees Market Value 8 Communications 8 Decentralized

Analyzing Sonnet 18 - 961 Words

â€Å"Shall I compare thee to †¦Ã¢â‚¬  You can finish that sentence in your head can’t you? Whether you are a strong poetry enthusiast or not, you still probably know this famous poem. Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare is one of the most well-known poems of all time. Time and time again this piece of art has influenced contemporary pieces. Some examples of this would be; the song â€Å"Sonnet 18† by Pink Floyd, a novel titled The Darling Buds of May by H E Bates, and a famous essay â€Å"Rough Winds Do Shake† written by Maeve Landman. Now this doesn’t not include the endless, countless list of times when Sonnet 18 has been quoted throughout history, especially in today’s media such as Star Trek, Doctor Who, and many others. It is doubtless to say that Sonnet†¦show more content†¦To take a look at the examples of metaphor being used, we must return to the beginning. â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? (â€Å"Shakespe are†)† looking at the first line of the poem, you know a comparison will be made. The definition of a metaphor is, â€Å"a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity (â€Å"Metaphor†).† The entire poem is about Shakespeare comparing his beloved to a day in the summer. However, the metaphor is never completed because in every way he goes to compare the two, the summer’s day always falls short. He keeps going through the ways that it fails in comparison to whom he is speaking to until the entire poem just ends up one big dissing on summer. If we take a look at lines 7-9, â€Å"And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or natures changing course, untrimmd; But thy eternal summer shall not fade, (â€Å"Shakespeare†).† We see that he is talking about how everything that is beautiful will always fade. Just as summer must always change to fall such as is â€Å"nature’s changing course†, human beauty will fade with time too, but not his love’s! Her beauty is an eternal summer. It will never fade or dim, her beauty is infinite, he immortalizes it. Shakespeare emphasizes this point in the lines 11 and 12, â€Å"Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in hisShow MoreRelatedShakespeare Sonnet 18 Comparison993 Words   |  4 Pageswe will be analyzing and comparing some of Shakespeare’s famously known sonnets. William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright and actor. He was widely referenced as the greatest English writer. I will start this paper giving you a brief summary of each sonnet individually, secondly I will then compare the sonnets drawing in on their similarities, and third I will then draw in on their differences. William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 I would say is his best known and famous sonnets. It’s probablyRead MoreResearch Paper on Shakespeare1586 Words   |  7 PagesDrew Ewing Mrs. Stevenson English II November 6th, 2012 Shakespeare William Shakespeare is one of the most well respected and time honored man of all time. His unique style, mysterious life and amazingly written sonnets make him the most studied and analyzed men to ever walk the planet. William Shakespeare, born in Stratford-upon-Avon, he was baptized on April 26th 1564, but his actual birth date is unknown. Shakespeare was the third child of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. William had twoRead MoreComparing Shakespeares Shall I Compare Thee to a Summers Day and Burns A Red Red Rose1154 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeares 18 Sonnet, more popularly known as the Shall I Compare Thee sonnet, is about a lover who is speaking to his beloved. Most sonnets serve this same function; to profess love from the sonneteer to some individual whom he loves. In these poems, the lover always uses the most amazing adjectives to describe the woman, or sometimes the man, that he loves. The poet describes every component of his beloved, such as her hair and her lips and her eyes. Although not a sonnet, Robert Burns poemRead MoreHow the Poem Ozymandias Highlights the Fundamental Issue in the Film Watchmen1255 Words   |  6 Pagesviewer in analyzing the fundamental issue  œ the pervasive fallacy of power and divinity - in the film Watchmen. The unusual structure of the poem aids viewers in analyzing how Watchmen migrates towards its utopian themes. The poem corresponds to the film’s cultural context of the Cold War in the Eighties as it is unlike a typical Petrarchan, Spenserian, or Shakespearean sonnet. First, this poem is in pentameter and not the normal iambic pentameter found in Shakespearean derived sonnets. The majorityRead MoreLord Byron And William Shakespeare966 Words   |  4 Pagesanother. In an analysis of â€Å"She walks in beauty† by Lord Byron and â€Å"Sonnet 130† by William Shakespeare, they both have a unique distinction on how the words are used to project affections to their respective lover. The linguistic style of the poets diverges in their depiction the physical appearance, emotive feelings, and understanding what the lover means to them. Lord Byron and William Shakespeare did an incredible job analyzing their counterpart’s physical appearance that was just mind blowingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Astrophil And Stella 1692 Words   |  7 Pageslove that can not be fully attained. Sidney’s personal love life and his public political life could be seen as influences of the sonnets as they both have aspects of being unfulfilled, but Sidney’s view of poetry might seem to contradict the idea that Astrophil is a reflection of himself. The complexity of people can oftentimes be felt in their writing, but when analyzing this same writing the complexity is often forgotten. This is how Astrophil and Stella should be viewed, a reflection of many influencesRead MoreThe Changing Face of Love in English Literature1528 Words   |  7 Pagesan emotion that has great power and is also universally understood. The writers we have studied have written about love in its many forms, from the cerebral to the viscer al and they have used this complex emotion to propel their stories and their sonnets. As we progress forward in time we see a distinct change in the freedom writers had as they addressed this theme and a change in the way men perceived love. Chaucer explores love as a motivating theme in â€Å"The Knight’s Tale† within his â€Å"CanterburyRead MoreWhat Brings a Poem to Life?1134 Words   |  5 Pagesvariations, each with it’s own sound,smell, and taste. The most successful poems masterfully give readers the Ah Ha! experience and invoke in them incomprehensible emotions that render them vulnerable to the poets message. William Shakespeare’ s Sonnet 18 and Sylvia Plath’s Metaphors adequately contain imagery,lineation,and tone to shape the meaning and allow the rest to the readers perception.However, no matter how elegant the poem may be structured the poem is nothing without the readers interpretationRead MoreHow Do Poets Present Love from a Romantic Perspective in the Poems, ‚Äà ºLet Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds‚Äà ¹, ‚Äà ºLa Belle Dame Sans Merci‚Äà ¹ and ‚Äà ºPiano‚Äà ¹?3690 Words   |  15 Pagesthe poets in geniously present love from a romantic perspective in their poems. Firstly, â€Å"Let me not to the marriage of true minds† – also known as Sonnet 116 – is one of the most famous in William Shakespeare’s collection of sonnets. It demonstrates the glory and invincibility of love, and is a poem addressed to a mysterious â€Å"Fair Youth†. The sonnet proposes the idea that true love will always persevere, regardless of any obstacles or troubles that may come. Shakespeare employs various literaryRead MoreEssay about How to Read Literature Like a Professor1562 Words   |  7 PagesNice to Eat You: Acts of Vampires * What are the essentials of the Vampire story? Apply this to a literary work you have read or viewed. * Chapter 4 – If It’s Square, It’s a Sonnet * Select three sonnets and show which form they are. Discuss how their content reflects the form. (Submit copies of the sonnets, marked to show your analysis. You may scan them or use your phone to take clear pictures.) * Chapter 5 – Now, Where Have I seen Her Before? * Define intersexuality. Discuss

Open Source Software Free Essays

The open source software filling with innovation and vitality 1. Introduction With computer’s development, the software of the computer is more powerful. The software can be divided into two parts which are free and fee-based, and also can be classified with the closed software and the open source software. We will write a custom essay sample on Open Source Software or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to understand the features of the open source software, and know the reason why the software can be filled with vitality and innovation, which attract a lot of technicists devoting themselves. This paper will give a deep analysis of the open source software in nearly all ranks. This essay mainly includes four parts. Firstly, giving an introduction to the definition of the open innovation and the open source movement and what is the Linux and the history and development of the Linux. Secondly, enumerating some wide use of the open source softwares and taking Linux for example to analyze strengths of open and innovation source software. Thirdly, the author will discuss the challenges and the future of the open source and innovation software. Finally, the author makes a conclusion for the value of the open source and the open innovation. After reading this essay, it’s my target to make you have a better and deep understanding of the concept of open source and open innovation, attempt to make use of the open source software such as Linux operating system, realize the great value of the open source and open innovation, and also be aware of some challenges of the open source and open innovation as well as its future. 2. Open innovation,open source,history of Unix and Linux Henry Chesbrough who is a professor and executive director create the term of open innovation, in his book Open Innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology, though the idea and discussion about some consequences (especially the inter firm cooperation in RD) date as far back as the 60s (Chesbrough, 2003). With the development of technology and knowledge, new creation of the products begins to face challenges. In order to create new alue, we must established extensive connection with the outside world widely, realize the complementary advantages in the knowledge dissemination and sharing to speed up inner innovation. In software, for example, companies such as SAP and Microsoft have started to build research labs on university all over the world to improve the integration of outside-in innovation to create new commercial benefit. Even Apple that is so strong no matter from any ways had to open up its pr oprietary technology to appeal to the high-tech users. There are some outstanding examples in the electronic industry which are Philips’ open innovation park, Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center, Siemens’ open innovation program and IBM’s open source initiatives. Today, open innovation has been driven by many computer software suppliers on a strategic level. Nowdays the open source software that needs more creative can appeal to people to use. Due to open innovation, we can concentrate the inner and outer power on developing the creation or innovation. The  open source movement  is a profound movement of individuals who support the use of  open source  licenses for some or all software. Open source software is made available for anybody to use or modify, as its source code is made available. Some open-source software is based on a share-alike principle, whereby users are free to pass on the software subject to the rule that any enhancements or changes are just as freely available to the public, while other open-source projects may be freely incorporated into any derivative work, open-source or proprietary(Eu. conecta, 2011) . The open source software allows users to use some or even all software by giving them authorization. What is more, sometimes, the source code is also available to users. That makes it possible for users to read and modify the source code. Usually, any individual can changes and modify the code and make available to public, and other users can download his/her code, read his/her code, discuss with the writer, and enhance the code. By doing so, the source code can be optimized and consequently the software will be more powerful and a stabilized system because of some users’ creative ideas and critical thinking. The open source is a profound revolution by taking the advantage of users’ participation(Eu. conecta, 2011). Nowdays the security of software is more and more concerned. Though the open source, we can solve the problem of security by a mass of programmers. With the open innovation and open source movement developed, there are a vast of professional and perfect softwares happened. For example, Linux and Unix, Unix operating system that many of the cooperative programmers make efforts in the 1970s is the most successful program that could run on different computer device. A free version of Unix operating system can be attempted to build by the developers in 1986. There is a project called GNU that stand for â€Å"Gnu’s not Unix† allowing programmers to contribute to the development effort regardless of individual or commercial interests. The most important thing is that the operating system is free for user. The GNU is very famous as a copyleft agreement including four points. The first is that software can be copied and distributed under the GNU license. The second is that products that are obtained and distributed under this license may be sold. The third is that user can alter the source code, but if they want to distribute or publish the source code, they must make the software work under the GNU license. The third is that without a GNU license, the source code could not work , through an individual can modify, distribute and publish the source code. The fourth is that we can develop the assistant technology for the open source software which don’t include core licensed under the GNU license. It’s not published as the Linux kernel created by a young student who is called Linus Torvalds until in1991. He gave programmers his code so they can contribute to revise and develop the code. Linux becomes into an advanced and powerful operating system, because a mass of programmers analyze the code and write development that Linus included into Linux. With the Linux improved rapidly, there are a series of versions of Linux delivered that can meet different needs. 3. The strengths of open and innovation source software In this section, the author will talk about the wide use of open and innovation source software and its strengths and profound impact to modern society and some traditional fee-based software. It is hard to realize something until we stop for a while and look at how different it is from the software that we know. The open and innovation source software have some incomparable advantages that conventional paid software can’t match. The author will take Linux for example to discuss the strengths and impact of open and innovation source software. Firstly, the open source movement is the collaborative nature that allows smaller companies to take part in the global economy. The smaller companies or individuals can have rights to access to create, organize, or distribute the software. It’s an equal opportunities for people around the world to participate in the movement. So the movement has attracted more and more involved. There are over 120,000 programmers all over the world who are distributed internationally and support Linux as a means of reducing the large companies’ technical domination (Ceraso, A. , Pruchnic, J,2007) . It is computed that only 5-10 percent of code of the Linux kernel remains compiled by Linus Torvalds. The collaborative nature create the culture of sharing, which is pervasive in the programming project. Programmers in those project help each other, make progress together to complete the programming. Secondly, the creation of open source software is not individual so that we can reduce the cost. The Research and Development of Linux operating system is made efforts by volunteer labor that is worth about two billion dollars (Kusnetsky and Greg , 1999). Companies like Microsoft that develop the windows operating system spend about $80-100 million per year. Technologists are addicted to the code of Linux programming due to their hobbies or personal interest. The programmers don not care the money and time so that they can devote themselves into it with their professional responsibilities. Individuals who have keen interest in coding and software creation or distribution promote the development of the open source software, which is not different from the proprietary software which is motivated by the money gain. Sometimes the developers want to get satisfaction and a reputation from other programmers by contributing to the open source code. Others want to receive such as good job offers, shares in programming values and so on. Thirdly, system administrator in the development of open source software will have control in the risk of deploying the tool. It is similar to in a corporate organization that Linux has a leadership structure. Linus Torvalds is a header in the Linux community who is a respected manager that can control the progress of programming, and his thoughts are considered final. Torvalds can appoint some programmers to be responsible for managing specific part of the project, and in reverse the programmers can guide other coordinators. However, this leadership structure only is suited to the Linux kernel; it does not apply to program such as system utilities. Fourthly, there is a major advantage in the open source code that is the ability for a mass of various people to edit and fix problems and errors that have occurred. The advantage is that programmers make improvements to open source software and will give meaningful feedback to the original programmer. The feedback benefits the entire project. Because of the feedback, the open source softwares become more and more powerful, riskless, high-quality. Fifthly, open source programs divide into small teams of programmers that work independently to settle specific problems. Those teams are parallel development that can make it possible for 435 Linux projects to be underway (Sullivan, 2011). Parallel debugging can improve the efficiency of individuals working on the project. Parallel debugging can feed back quicker modifications than traditional development. For example, Linux is attacked by the TearDrop IP because of some bugs, but Linux programmers repair it in less than 24 hours (Sullivan, 2011). Sixthly, open source software has the feature of the long-term sustainability. The open source software is different from the proprietary softwares, which is not driven out of business in the short-term. The open source software will be still developed all the time so long as the programmer can keep the sufficient interest and skills, even the user always has the choice to work in the house, maintain the running of the software and support to continue the programming of the software. It can have been seen the strengths of open and innovation source software. Better quality, higher reliability, more flexibility, lower cost, and an end to predatory vendor lock-in are the targets of the open source software. It is important to maintain the open source definition that creates a trusted group that connects all users and developers together. Just because of the strengths of open and innovation source software, expect for the Linux or Unix operating system, there are some other excellent softwares such as apache that is successful server software and scripting programming language on the web, Mozilla that is a excellent web browser like IE and mysql that is very popular database management system, giving people different experience and meeting the diversity of requirements. These softwares also have been extremely successful. . Challenges of open source and innovation software Even though the open source and innovation softwares have gained great success in many areas, but there are still challenges facing in front. One challenge is the quality of the open source and innovation software. Previous research has shown that the size of software module have a certain relationship with software de fects. For example some scholars think that there is an U-shaped relationship between software modules and software defect, therefore, the software module wants to be moderate, too big or too small scale will lead to defect increased. Despite criticism of scholars views, but the size of the software modules should be paid attention to control In the software development to ensure software quality,which recognized by most of scholars. However, the above conclusion is based on the non-open source software, and is not suitable for quality control of the open source software, because the module of the open source software usually is constantly changing the old module, adding a new module or deleting constantly in the process of evolution of software development. Koru AG, Zhang Dongsovg, LiuHongfang take Mozilla for example to prove that there is a relationship between the size of of module of the open source software and the defects of product, and the results still show that l with software quality has a direct relationship with the scale of the software. Although there are a large number of experts auditing the open source software quality on the surface, but in fact, there are a small number of relatively fixed experts auditing the quality periodically,even some softwares don’t have a quality audit, which is one of reasons that the quality of open-source software is doubted. Another risk is the legal risk of business development using open source. First, there is a problem that copyright of Open source software is unknown. Open source software often has a very complex origin because of its special patterns of development. Open source software has a massive pool of programming expertise all over the world to develop. For example, there may be a few people, more dozens, or hundreds of people contributing to the programming of open source software. Over one thousand people are needed in large projects such as Linux operating system (Langley, 2007). But the participants have a variety of backgrounds, as a result, It is difficult to ensure that their codes don’t have problems. This kind of confusion property rights of knowledge and complex situation makes a lot of open source software have a risk of infringement all the time. For example, Linux was suspected of violating the copyright of Unix programming code belongs to the company of SCO. For the problems of infringement ,license of open can’t provide any special terms or other promises to ensure that the programmers who devote to projects don’t violate the intellectual property of others. Due to these licenses that do not provide any liability protection, there is a risk of open source software for commercial development. Second, There are other problem such as the infringement of patent rigth and trademark right that we should pay attention on. 5. Commercial value and trend of open source and innovation software In this part, we will discuss the open source software’s economic value and predict its future. On one hand, a lot of commercial software companies are always paying attention to the rapid development of open source software. Due to the massive excellent open source software projects and high quality codes, if the resources can be directly used, business company can save a lot of cost. The company of Business software develops commercial software based on the open source codes, which is flexible to decide based-fee or free when it is used for commercial purposes. For individuals, it is still free to use the commercial software, of course, Except commercial purposes, at the same time, these companies can provide technical service’s support. This flexible business model is more and more welcomed by more and more business software company. On the other hand, launch of android makes people be full of expectation for the open source software. Because of the open source software portability, custom pattern of Linux is a breakthrough of the industry model. Custom pattern of Linux because of the current Linux operating system that has deficiencies at performance, stability, and grasping the user needs ,can meet the user’s requirements. Though we discuss the commercial value of open source software, we can predict the trends of the open source software. In the future, the suppliers of open source software will have a closer relationship among themselves. Due to the development of the industry, the model of self-reclusive development do not clearly conform to the trend of the times, high requirements of the software in the future promote manufacturers of open source software Seeking a deeper cooperation among themselves, which provides effective means to compete with the large proprietary software vendors for the supplier of open source software. The overall open source solutions are easier than traditional solutions on the deployment and maintenance. From hardware to software infrastructure, enterprise customers will know and experience the effective cost of overall open source solutions. Grasping the good opportunity of open source software will have a better future. 6 . Conclusion Now the software’s feature is more complex and the work of software’s programming is more lager, the open source software occupy a lot of advantages such as its collaborative nature which can offer customizability and, as a result, promotes the adoption of its products, the open innovation which is not proprietary, resulting in lower costs and so on. Now software is built more complicated and the work of programming is more lager than ever. Because the open source software is not proprietary, that means taking the advantage of collaboration and customizability could lower the cost and make the software system stronger. From the introduction above, It can have been already cleared the definition of open innovation, the open source movement and the history of Unix, Linux operating system. Though the deeper analysis, it can be known the reason why the open source softwares become more and more popular is that powerful strength of open source software. Just because of this, there are some excellent software such as Linux, apache and mysql giving people different experience and meeting the diversity of requirements. These softwares also have been extremely successful. For now the use of open source software in some areas is limited, but its value will dig out driven by the maturity of technology and idea. However, there are also challenges. One difficulty is the promise of the quality of the open source software. And another difficulty is the legal risk of business development using open source. Notwithstanding the challenges, the quality of massive open source software could prove invaluable over time. From the author’s perspective, driven by the portable, the open source software will have much huger development space, play more important role in some developed areas and show unimaginative value in some undeveloped areas as well. References A. Carleton, et al. (1992), â€Å"Software Measurement for DoD Systems: Recommendations for Initial Core Measures,† Software Engineering Institute, CMU/SEI-92-TR-19. B. Curtis, H. Krasner, and N. Iscoe (1988), â€Å"A Field Study of the Software Design Process for Large Systems,† Communications of the ACM, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 1268-1287. B Littlewood and D Miller (1989), â€Å"Conceptual Modeling of Coincident Failures in Multi-Version Software†, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 1596-1614. B. Perens (1999), â€Å"The Open Source Definition,† in Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution , C. DiBona, S. Ockman, and M. Stone, Eds. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly, pp. 171-188. Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open Innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Definition of Open Source: Open Source Initiative Retrieved . Kusnetsky, Dan, IDC, and Greg Weiss, DH Browen (1999), Linux E-Seminar M. Krochmal (1999), â€Å"Linux Interest Expanding,† in TechWeb, at http://www. techweb. com/wire/story/TWB19990521S0021 Norman Fenton (1994), â€Å"Software Measurement: A Necessary Scientific Basis,† IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 199-206 Pearce, J. M. (2012). â€Å"The case for open source appropriate technology†. Environment, Development and Sustainability  14  (3): pp. 425–431. P. Vixie (1999), â€Å"Software Engineering,† in Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution , C. DiBona, S. Ockman, and M. Stone, Eds. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly, pp. 91-100.. R. T. Fielding (1999), â€Å"Shared Leadership in the Apache Project,† Communications of the ACM, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 42-43. Valloppillil, Vinod, and Josh Cohen (1998), Microsoft, †Linux OS Competitive Analysis,† Halloween 2. White, Wallker (2000),†Observations, Considerations, and Directions,† Oracle, Federick Brooks in â€Å"The Mythicak Man Month. † Zhao, L. ; Deek, F. P. (2004). â€Å"User Collaboration in Open Source Software Development†. Electronic Markets  14  (2): pp. 89. How to cite Open Source Software, Essay examples

Art History free essay sample

This paper will attempt to give a descriptive analysis and comparison of two medieval sculptures viewed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The first sculpture entitled, â€Å"Virgin and Child;† attributed to Claus de Werve, a Netherlandish sculptor by Pierre Quarre a curator and chief of Musees de Djon and a leading authority on Burgundian sculpture. Claus de Werve was commissioned by the Duke and Duchess of the town of Poligny to create this statue for the convent which was headed by a Francisean nun named Colette between 1415-1417.The statue which is made of painted limestone is believed to be a gift that was commissioned for the convent. The second sculpture is entitled, â€Å"Mother and Child; Mali† which was created in Mali by the Bomana peoples. The statue of Virgin and Child is a religious humane figure of the Virgin Mother Mary and Jesus as a young boy which is associated with the Catholic Church and Christianity. Leonardo began to create deep paintings with spatial illusions, which will be more prevalent in the Baroque period. Leonardo da Vinci, the great artist and inventor of the fifteenth century, came into existence on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, Italy and died in the year 1519. When Leonardo was just fifteen years old, his artistic career had begun. He was an apprentice for a famous artist by the name of Verrochio. While working for Verrochio, he did little things in the background of paintings and eventually became an even better painter than Verrochio. From here he became famous in his early twenties. He achieved much in his lifetime, including beautiful paintings, creative and unusual inventions, life-like sculptures, and many scientific advances. He wasn’t only a painter, but also an inventor. Inventing things like flying machines, geometry, mechanics, municipal construction, canals and architecture. Leonardo da Vinci liked to use two main types of techniques in his work sfumato and chiaroscuro. Sfumato is a technique that artists use to make smoky overall haze effect to a painting using a lightly tainted varnish. Leonardo da Vinci liked to use this technique because dusk was his most favorite time of the day and during dusk usually came fog. Chiaroscuro is a technique in art that is ‘characterized by strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition. It is also a technical term used by artists and art historians for using contrasts of light to achieve a sense of volume in modeling three-dimensional objects such as the human body. ’ (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Chiaroscuro). The Mona Lisa is also known as La Gioconda; and is perhaps Leonardo da Vincis most famous of paintings. It is an oil painting, painted on poplar wood. Painting the Mona Lisa, Leonardo elevated himself into another station of artist, those that create new forms and perspectives. The relatively small painting of Mona Lisa manages to craft one of the most intense and effective art experience into a compact 30 by 20 ? frame. The painting is most famous for the smile of the woman, which people have been trying to decipher for a long time. Many believe that the portrait is that of da Vinci himself, while many also place a great deal of mystic connections with this painting. The identity of the lady in the painting is not known for certain. The most probable person is the wealthy Florentine Madonna Lisa del Giaconda. However it is also possible that Leonardo did not portrait a specific person. The portrait depicts a womans bust, with a distant landscape that is visible in the backdrop. The woman is shown seated in an open area, and behind her is a vast landscape, which recedes to an icy mountain. Some winding paths and a far away bridge is also perceptible in the background. Leonardo used a pyramid design to install the woman in a simple and calm manner within the painting. The woman is shown with her hands folded, with her breast, neck, and face painted the same color as her hands. The light is diffused so that the various curves and geometrical shapes on the painting are made visible through it. Perhaps the most interesting aspect about the painting is the womans smile. Many believe that it is innocent and inviting; while others believe it is that of smugness and is a smirk. Many scientific studies have been undertaken to determine the exact nature of the smile and the real reason remains a mystery. It is believed that every person sees the smile differently because of the changes in the lighting that Leonardo presented. He modifies the formula however, creating a sense of distance between the sitter and observer, mostly utilizing the arm chair on which she rests. Everything about her posture speaks reservation and silence. However, her eyes silently meet the gaze of the observer, drawing the viewer into her eye line. Everything surrounding her face is dark, bringing that much more focus to the light of her face and the attraction it provides. The overall effect is a kind of natural attraction to her, drawn in by her appearance, but it immediately contrasts with the distance Leonardo creates between subject and observer. We now move to the Modern Era and will be focusing on the artist Willem de Kooning. De Kooning was born in Rotterdam, Holland, in 1904 and died in 1997. It was there he attended crafts school and then a traditional art academy. He was influenced by artists such as Piet Mondrian and Theodore van Doesburg, as well as Picassos Cubism. The explosive nature of de Kooning`s work tells us that it is an art of struggle, that its source is both painful and personal, obviously based on feeling over intellect and very probably stemming from some primal event (as Freud might term it) in his early life, or series of events, so traumatizing that the artist was forced to thrust them into his unconscious, and has spent a lifetime trying to keep a lid on them, only to have the unconscious contents violently erupt countless times in his paintings. Evidence of this conflict in de Koonings paintings seems the unremitting violence of the artists attack upon the women who are his subjects and the paint surface itself. De Koonings women have taken a terrible fall from purity into filth and degradation, becoming very torn and scarred in the process. They are, in the paintings, voluptuous but depraved, alluring but dangerous, disillusioning and disappointing in their fall from the pedestal nd therefore must be symbolically destroyed. Woman I is just that type of a painting, Abstract Expressionism. More than any other, the work of Willem de Kooning probably epitomizes how this movement came to be visualized by most Americans. His 1950-52 Woman 1, with its garish, horrifying face and massive breasts was just barely figurative enough for the public to grasp; yet ugly enough for them to hate. Woman 1 depicts a distorted human form, with goat’s hooves instead of feet. Eyes as big as grenades, teeth grinning violently, huge limbs, mountainous breasts this woman is exaggeratedly, absurdly physical and at the same time not there at all, a spewed monster of fantasy. There is no body here. The woman is a woman in the painters mind – a fabrication of colour and brushwork, with the splattered, pushed, released paint telling us unequivocally that it is a furiously sexual vision. No doubt many in seeing it for the first time visualize just such a scenario. In fact, it was anything but spontaneous. Though he didnt work on it daily, it took two full years to complete; going through constant, one might say almost endless, revisions. Near the end, de Kooning even went so far as to discard it. Then, weeks later, he rescued it from the trash, reworked it some more, and sent it off to be exhibited. In comparing the two artists; Leonardo da Vinci and Willem de Kooning, we can clearly see a vast difference here. In Leonardo’s era, the focus of the subjects was more natural, focusing on definite light sources and having a sense of order and stability. The High Renaissance era was also no longer dependant of Church and Royalty for influence on what to paint; which gave artist like da Vinci the opportunity to explore new techniques applied to his astonishing pieces. Leonardo da Vinci focused on the soft side of the woman, paying respect to the curves and inner as well as outer beauty of the woman. His lines are clean, precise. Willem de Kooning; however, takes the image on the woman and distorts it, almost in a disrespectful way. He enjoyed making paintings that leave the observer wondering what the painting s about, what feeling we have when we look at the painting weather it is anger, joy, love, or hate. He does not value woman as Leonardo seems to and depicts them as strange human ‘objects’ and in an abstract and ‘sloppy’ way. The two artists do however have something in common. Both eras show how each artist was branching out from the previous era and wanted to explore new techniques and new ways of exp ressive views of painting. In the end, Kooning and da Vinci have both had a major impact on Art History and intensified art and will always have an impact on artist to come.