Health Program Evaluation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health Program Evaluation - Case Study Example The situation Alyssa is in is actually a situation many writers face especially when they are presenting papers for presentations in seminars or going for publications. This entire dilemma Alyssa is in is possibly because of improper communication between her and her professor regarding the nuances of article writing and publications. The problem rose primarily because of poor and insufficient information given to Alyssa by her professor regarding writing papers and the implications involved in writing. Initially when he prompted her to write a paper he has to tell her unless his name is included as a co author he cannot represent her in the seminar because being the author she alone reserves and since she is sponsored by an external agency in funding the project she has get their acceptance in including his name as a co author. Also after receiving the work drafts produced by Alyssa the professor has made no attempt to look into them and offer any suggestions for improvement. The problem as can be clearly seen from the case is his lack of involvement in guiding his ward carry out the task. Right from the identification of sponsor for funding to preparing the research paper she has carried out all the tasks by herself. The professor has shown the positive intention ... However it can never be understood is why he failed to communicate the fact that she needs to include him as a co author. Also he did not make any attempt to help her in conducting the research study or in arranging funding necessary for the study in way of arranging a sponsor. These actions are clearly indicating his lack of confidence in Alyssa and her research capabilities. Also he did not make any attempts in improving Alyssa's work through suggestions; another indication that he is not expecting Alyssa's work is going to be chosen for presentation. When Alyssa came to him stating that she has received an invitation for participation in the conference it must have surprised him as well. However he understood he cannot represent her because she never mentioned his name as a co author. All this has led to a situation where there is a limited scope or opportunity for both Ben and Alyssa to act the other way. Alyssa's possible actions: As discussed already the scope for Alyssa to act the other way were slim because of Ben's miscommunication. However the possible actions which can be taken by Alyssa in the present situation were discussed below. Scope for Ben attending the seminar as Alyssa's Co author: In case Alyssa wants Ben to attend the seminar on her behalf on the condition that she accepted him as her co author and intimate the program authorities regarding the change then she comes across a problem of copy right because inorder to conduct the research work an external agency has funded her and she has to obtain the agency's permission to include him as a co author. Scope for Alyssa in attending the seminar herself: It makes interesting reading to suggest the possibility of Alyssa attending the seminar all by herself.

Body Diversity and Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Body Diversity and Media - Essay Example Body diversity is a crucial component that the society needs to address not only in America, but also across the globe. It ought to be so because some sections of the society have developed stereotypes about certain body formations. More often than not, such stereotypes border on unfairness, especially the ones that have discriminatory elements. For example, fatness was considered a sign of fortune and fertility in the 20th century but currently it is a sign of poor health and selfishness. It may not necessarily be so because the degree of fatness differs across individuals and the causes are widespread. For instance, a person may become fat because he/she has peace of mind while another may be so because of engaging in unhealthy lifestyles. Racism has been ailing the world, particularly the United States, for centuries now. It is simply discrimination based on skin color. Despite frantic efforts by Malcolm X and Martin Luther King jnr. to bring civil revolution in their times, racism continues to be a major challenge to national cohesion in America and many countries. The evidence of racism in the United States is depicted by the voting trends during election times. It means that a nation can be liberal and democratic yet racist. People are different in skin color, eye color, body shape, and hair texture, but they are all humans who deserve equal treatment. All sectors of the society must come into play in order to condemn the evil of discrimination based on body diversity. Perhaps a critical tool that a nation can either use to fun or shun discrimination based on body diversity is the media. Indeed, the media plays a critical media can provide a platform for dissuading citizens from all forms of bodily discrimination. Besides skin color and hair texture, most American with disability have also had to cope with high levels of discrimination. Since it is

Difference between Transactional and Transformational Leader

Difference between Transactional and Transformational Leader Compare and contrast between Transactional Leadership and Transformational Leadership. What are the significant differences between the two leadership models? Give relevant examples. 1.0 What is Leadership? Leadership  has been described as the process of social influence in which one person can enlist or procure the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. It is the way of organizing a group of people for the purpose of achieving a common goal. A leader is the person to who is capable of guiding, inspiring and associating others with the dream goal. In addition, there are various types of leadership models which include transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and charismatic leadership and so on. In this contest, transactional leadership and transformational leadership will be compared and contrasted. 2.0 Description Transactional Leadership Transactional leadership  is a term used to classify a formally known group  leadership  theories that inquire the interactions between leaders and followers. A transactional leader focuses more on a series of transactions. This person is interested in looking out for oneself, having exchange benefits with their subordinates and clarifies a sense of duty with rewards and punishments to reach goals. The transactional leadership style developed by Bass is based on the hypothesis that followers are motivated through a system of rewards and punishment.   The transactional leaders view of the leader / follower relationship is one of quid pro quo or this for that.   If the follower does something good, then they will be rewarded.   If the follower does something wrong, then they will be punished. Transformational Leadership Transformational  leadership  is defined as a leadership approach that causes change in individuals and social systems. In its ideal form, it creates valuable and positive change in the followers with the end goal of developing followers into leaders. Enacted in its authentic form, transformational leadership enhances the motivation, morale and performance of his followers through a variety of mechanisms. These include connecting the followers sense of identity and self to the mission and the collective identity of the organization; being a role model for followers that inspires them; challenging followers to take greater ownership for their work, and understanding the strengths and weaknesses of followers, so the leader can align followers with tasks that optimize their performance. The theory behind  transformational leaders, on the other hand is based, on the hypothesis that leaders can exploit a need of the follower.   These particular needs are not based on quid pro quo transactions, but higher order needs.   These needs are those of the total person, and are closely aligned with the internal  motivational factors  of the follower. So at one end of the spectrum we have transactional leaders that are making many deals with those being led.   On the other end of the spectrum, we have transformational leaders, which are looking to satisfy a greater need of an individual. 3.0 Mission Transactional Leader: approaches followers with an eye to exchanging one thing for another Burns pursues a cost benefit, economic exchange to met subordinates current material and psychic needs in return for contracted services rendered by the subordinate . Bass Here, transformational leaders make exchange of work with their followers for benefit or rewards. Followers are motivated with the rewards being given. Transformational Leader: recognizes and exploits an existing need or demand of a potential follower (and) looks for potential motives in followers, seeks to satisfy higher needs, and engages the full person of the follower Burns The leader who recognizes the transactional needs in potential followers but tends to go further, seeking to arouse and satisfy higher needs, to engage the full person of the follower to a higher level of need according to Maslows hierarchy of needs Bass Here, transformational leaders tend to focus on the move to change the followers and the organization. In addition, as explained by Bass, the transactional leaders focus on the organizational work within the organizational culture as the way it exists; on the other hand, the transformational leaders try to bring changes to the organizational culture. 4.0 Personal characteristics Transactional Directive Dominating Action-Oriented Transformational Self Confident Assertive Seizes Opportunities Tolerates Risk Uses Systems Thinking 5.0 Characteristics of Transactional leaders 1.  Contingent rewards:   Transactional leaders link the goal to rewards, clarify expectations, provide necessary resources, set mutually agreed upon goals, and provide various kinds of rewards for successful performance. They set SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely) goals for their subordinates. These leaders work on some aspects which include; Exchange of rewards for effort contracted. Rewards for achieving goals promised. Accomplishments recognized. Clear goals and recognition once they are reached is held to result in individuals and groups achieving expected levels of performance. 2.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Management by exception (active): Transactional leaders actively monitor the work of their subordinates, watch for deviations from rules and standards and taking corrective action to prevent mistakes. These personalities also include; Standards specified by leader. Deviations are searched from the rules and standards. Corrective action taken quickly if necessary. May involve follower punishment. 3.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Management by exception (passive): Transactional leaders intervene only when standards are not met or when the performance is not as per the expectations. They may even use punishment as a response to unacceptable performance. These leaders have some uniqueness which include; Leader awaits emergence of problems before acting. Intervenes only if standards are not met. 4.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Passive-avoidant/Laissez-faire: The leader provides an environment where the subordinates get many opportunities to make decisions. The leader himself abdicates responsibilities and avoids making decisions and therefore the group often lacks direction. This can also be explained as; Agreements are not specified; there are no expectations set; and goals and standards are avoided. 6. 0 Characteristics of Transformational Leadership 1. Charisma or idealized influence The degree to which the leader behaves in admirable ways that cause followers to identify with the leader. Charismatic leaders display convictions, take stands and appeal to followers on an emotional level. This is about the leader having a clear set of values and demonstrating them in every action, providing a role model for their followers. 2. Inspirational  motivation The degree to which the leader articulates a vision that is appealing and inspiring to followers. Leaders with inspirational motivation challenge followers with high standards, communicate optimism about future goals, and provide meaning for the task at hand. Followers need to have a strong sense of purpose if they are to be motivated to act. Purpose and meaning provide the energy that drives a group forward. It is also important that this visionary aspect of leadership be supported by  skills that allow the leader to articulate his or her vision with precision and power in a compelling and persuasive way. 3. Intellectual stimulation The degree to which the leader challenges assumptions, takes risks and solicits followers ideas. Leaders with this trait stimulate and encourage  creativity  in their followers. 4. Individualized consideration or individualized attention The degree to which the leader attends to each followers needs, acts as a mentor or coach to the follower and listens to the followers concerns and needs. This also encompasses the need to respect and celebrate the individual contribution that each follower can make to the team (it is the diversity of the team that gives it its true strength). Transformational Leaders Motivating for performance beyond expectations. Inspiring for missions beyond self interest. Instilling confidence to achieve performance.Transformational leadership goes beyond transactional leadership. Transactional Leaders Motivating for performance at expected levels. Initiating structure to clarify the task and roles. Stressing the link between reward and goal achievement. Uses agreed upon performance to motivate. Performance beyond expectations 7.0 Assumptions Transformational leaders People get inspired by a person then they will follow that person. Great things can be achieved by person with vision and passion. Things are gotten done by the way they are injected with enthusiasm and energy. Transactional Leaders Followers/Employees are motivated by reward and punishment. Orders are given by the superiors, and the subordinates have to obey the orders. These subordinates are not self-motivated rather they need to be intimately monitored and controlled in order to get the work done from them. 8.0 Differences Transitional leaders Transactional leaders are aware of the link between the effort and reward Transactional leadership is responsive and its basic orientation is dealing with present issues Transactional leaders rely on standard forms of inducement, reward, punishment and sanction to control followers Transactional leaders motivate followers by setting goals and promising rewards for desired performance Transactional leadership depends on the leaders power to reinforce subordinates for their successful completion of the bargain. Transformational leaders Transformational leaders arouse emotions in their followers which motivates them to act beyond the framework of what may be described as exchange relations Transformational leadership is proactive and forms new expectations in followers Transformational leaders are distinguished by their capacity to inspire and provide individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation and idealized influence to their followers Transformational leaders create learning opportunities for their followers and stimulate followers to solve problems Transformational leaders possess good visioning, rhetorical and management skills, to develop strong emotional bonds with followers Transformational leaders motivate followers to work for goals that go beyond self-interest. In addition, the below table will give a detailed contrast of the differences between Transactional leadership and transformational leadership. Transactional Leadership Leadership of the status quo. Effective in stable organizations and contexts. More likely to be observed in a well-ordered society. Focuses on social and economic exchanges between leaders and followers, using contingent rewards and administrative actions to reinforce positive and reform negative behaviors. Leader-follower relationship sees each exchange needs and services to satisfy their independent objectives. Follower response based on compliance. Supervision likely to be important. Leadership act takes place but leaders and followers not bound together in mutual pursuit of higher purpose. Founded on peoples need to make a living by completing tasks. Focuses on situational authority, politics and perks. Involves values, but typically those required for successful exchange relationships (for example, reciprocity, and integrity).   Emphasis on day-to-day affairs, business needs short-term goals and quantitative information. Leader-follower relationship may be established quickly. A relatively impersonal relationship maintained only as long as benefits outweigh costs.   Tends to be transitory. Once a transaction is completed, relationship may need to be redefined. Emphasizes tactical issues. Typically involves working within current systems.   Supports structures and systems that emphasize outcomes. Follower counseling focuses on evaluation. Atomistic worldview and moral altruistic motives based on teleological perspective (that is to say, based on consequences). Motivates followers by appealing to their own self-interest (for example, pay, and promotion).   Based on directive power acts. Transformational Leadership Leadership of change (within leaders, followers and organizations). Important in times of distress and rapid and destabilizing change. Focuses on organizational objectives and organizational change by disseminating new values and seeking alternatives to existing arrangements. Leader-follower relationship sees purposes of both become fused, leading to unity and shared purpose. Attempts to raise follower needs (following Maslows hierarchy) to higher levels (for example, self-esteem) and to develop followers into leaders. Based on interaction and influence. Follower response based on commitment. Supervision may be minimal. Leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of motivation and morality. Founded on peoples need for meaning. Focuses on personal power, values, morals and ethics. May be demonstrated by anyone in an organization in any type of position. Transcends daily affairs, concentrating on long-term issues. May take time for leader-follower bonds to develop. A personal relationship that may persist when costs outweigh benefits. Tends to be enduring. Emphasizes missions and strategies for achieving them. May involve redesigning of jobs to make them more meaningful and challenging. Emphasizes realization of human potential. Aligns structures and systems to overarching values and goals. Follower counseling focuses on personal development. Organic worldview and moral altruistic motives based on deontological perspective (that is to say, based on promises). In addition to the above table, their differences can also be categorized as the following; Basis Servant or steward Leadership Transformational leaders have idealized vision. They are likable and honorable hero that worth imitating and identifying. They lead to promote change in the environment. On the other hand, Transactional leaders have the basis of exchange process. They work on mutual need satisfying, giving rewards for job performance. They lead to promote stability in the workplace. Leadership development Transformational leaders tend to have more power. They empower and energize their followers excel. They re-engineer their followers. On the other hand, Transactional leaders design structures, control and reward system in their workplace to improve effectiveness and efficiency. Lead by example Transformational leaders are charismatic. They handle and meet individuals needs. As well, they upgrade the level of the needs. On the other hand, Transactional leaders possess different types of leadership style, using the right style at the necessary time. Proactive change agent Transformational leaders make an effort to inspire their followers to help them change and transcend their selves for greater purposes. On the other hand, Transactional leaders reward their followers in terms of their performance. They are reactive to change at instances. Vision creator propagandist Transformational leaders make effort to create a vision of desired future state. They communicate pain of change that worth the effort. On the other hand, Transactional leaders focus on company goals and objectives. They make sure the needed goals are achieved. 9.0 Examples Transactional Leadership In this kind of leadership, a clear chain of command is established. The leader motivates his subordinates by presenting them rewards and punishments. All requirements for a subordinate are clearly stated with corresponding rewards. If they fail to satisfy those requirements, they will receive a corresponding punishment. A couple of famous examples of transactional leaders are Joseph McCarthy and Charles de Gaulle. Transformational Leadership Transformational leaders  lead by motivating by their followers. Leaders appeal to their followers ideals and morals to motivate them in accomplishing their tasks. Basically, these kinds of leaders empower their followers using their own beliefs and personal strengths. Simply put, they inspire their followers. Famous transformational leaders include Martin Luther King Jr. and Walt Disney. 10.0 Conclusion Finally, the transactional style of leadership is viewed as insufficient, but not bad, in developing the maximum leadership potential. It forms as the basis for more mature interactions but care should be taken by leaders not to practice it exclusively, otherwise it will lead to the creation of an environment permeated by position, power, perks, and politics. On the other hand, transformational Leadership by definition, seek to transform. When the organization does not need transforming and people are happy as they are, then such a leader will be frustrated. Like wartime leaders, however, given the right situation they come into their own and can be personally responsible for saving entire companies.

Stirrups :: Essays Papers

Stirrups The American Heritage Dictionary (3rd edition) defines a stirrup as "a loop or ring hung from either side of a horse's saddle to support the rider's foot" (The American Heritage Dictionary 799). Stirrups were invented by the Chinese in the year 477 A.D., and by the early Middle Ages the countries of Japan, India and Korea seem to have adopted its use. Stirrups became known in Persia, Byzantium and France in the 7th or early 8th century A.D.. Before stirrups were invented, riders had to use "a wooden stool or [they leaped] directly on to the horse's back" (Gans 1). Stirrups provided riders with much greater stability while on horseback especially during battles with lances and swords. A number of historians believed that the invention of the stirrups created the rise of feudalism. This belief caused what is called the great stirrup controversy still going on up to the present day. There has been several theories proposed pertaining to this controversy. For example, Heinrich Brunner in 1887 said that "feudalism was a wide effect of the development of mounted shock warfare by the Franks" (Gans 1). Brunner's stance of the controversy is that he believes that the rise of feudalism was not caused by the introduction of the stirrup but was caused by the Frankish army's envy of the fighting ability of the Moslem cavalry. As a result, the Frankish army became primarily a cavalry army. Before that time, the Frankish army used to fight on foot using a long handled ax called a francisca. Heinrich Brunner proposes that the Frankish army transformed itself from an infantry force to a mounted cavalry between 732 A.D. to 891 A.D. in an article he published called "Kni ghts' Service and the Origins of Feudalism" (Gans 1). The American Heritage Dictionary (3rd edition) defines cavalry as "troops trained to fight on horseback or in light armored vehicles" and feudalism as "a political and economic system of medieval Europe by which a landowner granted land to a vassal in exchange for homage and military service" (The American Heritage Dictionary 141, 312). Lynn White Jr. in 1962 said that both feudalism and cavalry was caused by the introduction of the stirrup. White agrees with Brunner's argument that "it was true that feudalism arose out of military necessity but that Brunner's details were wrong" (Gans 1).

Fin 202- Group Assignment

â€Å" p c l h n t Ms h m Le H S ei t a k o . a i a a P n frh ligu t d t i po c† o e n s o o hs rj t p e Table of content: Excutive Summary: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P. 3 Business Plan:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P. 3 Vision:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P. 3 Main Services:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P. 3 Evaluating the market:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P. 4 Financial Plan:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P. 5 Initial Investment:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P. 5 Interest Payment:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P. 6 Wages Payment: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P. 6 Variable cost:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P. 7 Fixed cost per year for Selling and Admin activities:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P. 7 Expected number of customers:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P. 7 Total expense:†¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P. 8 Price of each services:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P. 8 Revenue Plan:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P. Profit & Loss Plan:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P. 9 Break even for each year:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P. 9 Cash flow& Analysis:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P. 10 Conclusion:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P. 10 Reference:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P. 11 Excutive summary: In order to bring customers a new service, especially for the female customers, our group decided to bring a new project- call Cake Paradise. Nowadays, need of making a handmade cake or chocolate of female customers for their lovers, friends or families is very high but not everyone has enough money to buy for herself an expensive oven or cake cooking tools. Our project is created to solve this problems.We provide a service for customer to hire our kitchen with full machines & tools of cake co oking to made a cake or chocolate. We also provides ingridiants in Shop of cake ingridients in 1st floor and Class of learning how to make a cake 2 times/week. With this advantages and professional of this service, we believe we will achieve the highest expectation from customer. To be the first company provide service in hiring Cake making machines and Tools, Cake paradise have high grow rate and fullfill the need of customers about the cake making-which means profitable and deserve to be invested.Business plan: Vision: Customers Focus High quality services Grown up by 100% in the first 5 years Making profits since 2nd or 3rd year operating Main Services: 1st Floor: Shop of Cake ‘ingridientswhere you can find any kinds of cake ingridients and tools. 2nd & 3rd Floor: Cake paradise’s Kitchen – for hiring with fullfill cake making ‘s equipment and tools. It is call DIY service- With VND120,000 for 3 hours, you will have full of cake making equipment and tools to make your ideal cake for your lovers.Every Friday and Sunday, we have classes of making cake, which are teached by cookers who are very experienced in making cakes- With VND400,000 for a 4-hour class, you will learn to make 3 kinds of delicious cakes or chocolate in the world, it is a best price for any learners. Evaluating Market: Instead of going to a cake shop and buy for the lovers or family, friends a cake, recently, many girls and women want to make for her relatives a cake by herself.This gift is unique and more meaningful to her relatives and in other way, it prove the womenliness and caringful of who made it. It now creates a trend not only in making cake but also in making handmade stuffs. We notice that there is a lack for cake handmade market. We can easily find handmake ‘s materitals and tools in the market as paper, stuff,†¦.. with a quite cheap price. But in making cake, the ingridients, especially the cake making equipments are very expensive.Not every one has enough money to buy for herself a expensive oven or cooking tools. When in the market, there are many suppliers provides for other handmade things but there aren’t a supplier which provide hiring cake making machine & tools although the demand of it is very high. Seeing this, our group decided to bring Cake paradise service to customer. Financial Plan: Innital Investment: We plan the project will be implemented in 5 years For the long-term assets, time for full depreciation is 5 years. No.Tool& Equipment Capital Expense 1st Floor -Shop for Cake's ingridients Good shelf Refrigerator Table Electronic Cash Regristor Cost of Installment& Decoration 2nd & 3rd Floor- Place for DIY and Learning Kitchen cupboard Oven Refrigerator Hand-mixer Blender Gas cooker Fan Table Cost of Installment & Decoration 4th Floor -Office Destop & PC Phones Printer Office Table and chairs Cost of Installment& Decoration Working capital for the zero year Uniform for Staff Training course for staf f Tools for the kitchen Tools for the office CashINITAL INVESTMENT Quantity Cost per Unit Total Cost 148,500,000 17,800,000 4,800,000 3,500,000 1,000,000 3,500,000 5,000,000 99,900,000 30,000,000 18,000,000 26,000,000 2,800,000 1,100,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 10,000,000 30,800,000 20,000,000 800,000 3,000,000 5,000,000 2,000,000 45,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 30,000,000 193,500,000 29,700,000 1 1 1 600,000 3,500,000 1,000,000 3,500,000 5,000,000 15,000,000 3,000,000 13,000,000 700,000 550,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 800,000 3,000,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 200,000 500,000 TOTAL DEPRECITAION 2 6 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 1 1 5 10 6 Interest Payment: Year Quarter 1 I II III IV 2 I II III IV 3 I II III IV 4 I II III IV 5 I IIIII IV INTEREST PAYMENTS (VND) Beginning Balance Principal Payment Interest Payment Total Payment Total Payment/Year Ending Balance 80,000,000 4,000,000 2,400,000 6,400,000 24,880,000 76,000,000 76,000,000 4,000,000 2,280,00 0 6,280,000 72,000,000 72,000,000 4,000,000 2,160,000 6,160,000 68,000,000 68,000,000 4,000,000 2,040,000 6,040,000 64,000,000 64,000,000 4,000,000 1,920,000 5,920,000 22,960,000 60,000,000 60,000,000 4,000,000 1,800,000 5,800,000 56,000,000 56,000,000 4,000,000 1,680,000 5,680,000 52,000,000 52,000,000 4,000,000 1,560,000 5,560,000 48,000,000 48,000,000 4,000,000 1,440,000 5,440,000 21,040,000 44,000,000 44,000,000 4,000,000 1,320,000 5,320,000 40,000,000 40,000,000 4,000,000 1,200,000 5,200,000 36,000,000 36,000,000 4,000,000 1,080,000 5,080,000 32,000,000 32,000,000 4,000,000 960,000 4,960,000 19,120,000 28,000,000 28,000,000 4,000,000 840,000 4,840,000 24,000,000 24,000,000 4,000,000 720,000 4,720,000 20,000,000 20,000,000 4,000,000 600,000 4,600,000 16,000,000 16,000,000 4,000,000 480,000 4,480,000 17,200,000 12,000,000 12,000,000 4,000,000 360,000 4,360,000 8,000,000 8,000,000 4,000,000 240,000 4,240,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 120,000 4,120,000 Notes: Debt of VND80,000, 000 from bank, maturity of 5 years, interest rate 12% Interest is paid in from the first month, principal payment is incurred once a quarter Wages payment:Job title 1 Director 2 Secretary 3 Accountant 4 Sales Assistant 5 Cooking teacher 6 Securities Total Quantity 1 1 1 6 2 2 WAGE PAYMENTS (VND) Year 1 Year 2 72,000,000 75,600,000 42,000,000 44,100,000 48,000,000 50,400,000 144,000,000 151,200,000 96,000,000 100,800,000 48,000,000 50,400,000 450,000,000 472,500,000 Year 3 79,380,000 46,305,000 52,920,000 158,760,000 105,840,000 52,920,000 496,125,000 Year 4 83,349,000 48,620,250 55,566,000 166,698,000 111,132,000 55,566,000 520,931,250 Year 5 87,516,450 51,051,263 58,344,300 175,032,900 116,688,600 58,344,300 546,977,813 Notes: 1. Wages of Director, Secretary, Accountant, Sales Assistant, Securities are included in Selling and Admin Fixed expense each year 2. Wages of cooking teacher is included as Direct Labor for Learning Services 3. Wages growth rate is 5% each year Variable cost :We have three services in this project, in general, to estimate the variable cost, we estimate the variable cost beyond the number of customers we service. Services Included Shopping DIY Learning Bag Tool packgage 1 Tools package 2 Ingridients Using CP's kitchen Using CP's tools Teacher Services Included Bag Tool package 1 Tool package 2 Ingridients Using CP's kitchen (gas, water, electricity cost,†¦) Using CP's kitchen ‘s tools Teacher Total VARIABLE COST PER CUSTOMER Shopping DIY 500 3,500 Learning 500 3,500 15,000 3,000 10,000 500 3,500 15,000 50,000 3,000 10,000 50,000 132,000 4,000 32,000 Fixed cost per year for Selling and Admin activities:FIXED COST PER YEAR FOR ADMINSTRATIVE & SELLING ACTIVITIES Detail Per month Per year Internet bill 250,000 3,000,000 Electricity bill 1,500,000 18,000,000 Water bill 200,000 2,400,000 Phoning bill 200,000 2,400,000 Advertising exp 6,000,000 Other exp 1,000,000 12,000,000 43,800,000 Expected number of customers: year 1 Shopping DI Y Learning Total EXPECTED NUMBER OF CUSTOMER year 2 year 3 year 4 3500 4550 5460 2920 3796 4555 768 998 1198. 1 7,188 9,344 11,213 year 5 5733 4783 1258 11,774 6020 5022 1321 12,363 We assume that because this is a new services which haven't existed in the market so it will have a numerous of customers The growth rate will be 30%, 10% and 5% for the year of 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively , after the services enter the market. Total expense:Year 0 Total Variable costs Shopping DIY Learning Total Fixed costs Wages Depreciation House Renting Fixed cost of selling and admin Intersest payment Total cost TOTAL EXPENSE Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 208,816,000 271,460,800 325,752,960 342,040,608 14,000,000 18,200,000 21,840,000 22,932,000 93,440,000 121,472,000 145,766,400 153,054,720 101,376,000 131,788,800 158,146,560 166,053,888 512,380,000 354,000,000 29,700,000 60,000,000 43,800,000 24,880,000 721,196,000 528,160,000 371,700,000 29,700,000 60,000,000 43,800,000 22,960,000 799,620,800 544,825,000 390,285,000 29,700,000 60,000,000 43,800,000 21,040,000 870,577,960 562,419,250 409,799,250 29,700,000 60,000,000 43,800,000 19,120,000 904,459,858 359,142,638 24,078,600 160,707,456 174,356,582 580,989,213 430,289,213 29,700,000 60,000,000 43,800,000 17,200,000 940,131,851 Price of each services:Customer Year 1 Shopping DIY Learning Year 2 Shopping DIY Learning Year 3 Shopping DIY Learning Year 4 Shopping DIY Learning Year 5 Shopping DIY Learning 3,500 2,920 768 4,550 3,796 998 5,460 4,555 1,198 5,733 4,783 1,258 6,020 5,022 1,321 Variable Cost 14,000,000 93,440,000 101,376,000 18,200,000 121,472,000 131,788,800 21,840,000 145,766,400 158,146,560 22,932,000 153,054,720 166,053,888 24,078,600 160,707,456 174,356,582 Fixed cost Toatal cost Cost per customer Average cost in 5 year 512,380,000 51,238,000 65,238,000 18,639 15,138 230,571,000 324,011,000 110,963 92,074 230,571,000 331,947,000 432,223 360,406 528,160,000 52,816,000 71,016,000 15,608 237,672,000 359,144,000 94 ,611 237,672,000 369,460,800 370,053 544,825,000 54,482,500 76,322,500 13,978 245,171,250 390,937,650 85,822 245,171,250 403,317,810 336,637 562,419,250 56,241,925 79,173,925 13,810 253,088,663 406,143,383 84,915 253,088,663 419,142,551 333,186 580,989,213 58,098,921 82,177,521 13,652 261,445,146 422,152,602 84,059 261,445,146 435,801,728 329,932 Shopping DIY Learning Original Cost plus 1% Final Price Note: We calculate the total cost of a service and base on it to estimate the price 15,289 17,000 For the Shopping services, the price is the average profit we gain from each shopping bill 92,995 120,000Assume that the shop don't have inventory because the goods are directly taken from agent 364,010 400,000 Revenue Plan:Year 0 Shopping Customer Profit/bill DIY Customer Price Learning Customer Price Total Growth rate of revenue (%) Year 1 EXPECTED REVENUE Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 59,500,000 77,350,000 92,820,000 97,461,000 102,334,050 3,500 4,550 5,460 5,733 6,020 17,000 17,000 17,00 0 17,000 17,000 350,400,000 455,520,000 546,624,000 573,955,200 602,652,960 2,920 3,796 4,555 4,783 5,022 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 307,200,000 399,360,000 479,232,000 503,193,600 528,353,280 768 998 1,198 1,258 1,321 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 717,100,000 932,230,000 1,118,676,000 1,174,609,800 1,233,340,290 30 20 5 5 Because this is a completely new services, so after the first year, the number of customers increase sharply in the 2nd and 3rd year, but in the 4th and 5th year when Cake paradise (C has the competitor, ( who enter the market to join this segment), the growth rate of CP increase slightly at 5%. Profit & Loss Plan:Year 1 Revenue Variable Cost Contribute Margin Fixed Cost Earning before Tax Tax Earning after tax PROFIT AND LOSS PLAN Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 717,100,000 932,230,000 1,118,676,000 1,174,609,800 1,233,340,290 208,816,000 271,460,800 325,752,960 342,040,608 359,142,638 508,284,000 660,769,200 792,923,040 832,569,192 874,197,652 512,380,000 528,160,000 544,825,000 562,419,250 580,989,213 (4,096,000) 132,609,200 248,098,040 270,149,942 293,208,439 28% 28% 28% 28% 28% (4,096,000) 95,478,624 178,630,589 194,507,958 211,110,076 We can see that in the first year, because this is a new service and it needs time for the customers to know and have the habit to use this service, so the earning after tax for the first year is negative. After the first year,the number of customers who know and use Cake Paradise service increase (beyond word of mouth), the earning after tax for the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th increase sharply. Break even for each year:Year 1 CM CM unit CM Ratio Break even point Break even revenue Safety of margin 508,284,000 70712. 9 0. 7088 7,246 722,878,741 (5,778,741) BREAK EVEN Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 660,769,200 792,923,040 832,569,192 874,197,652 70712. 9 70712. 9 70712. 9 70712. 9 0. 7088 0. 7088 0. 7088 0. 7088 7,469 7,705 7,954 8,216 745,141,567 768,652,973 793,475,388 819,674,364 187,088,433 350, 023,027 381,134,412 413,665,926 Cash flow: We have, cost of capital was calculated by WACC assumption: ( ( ) ) Year 0 Revenue Operating Expense EBITDA D&A EBIT (1- Tax) NOPAT CFOP Capital expense Working capital Add W. C Free Cash flow Payback Period Cost of capital NPV IRR MIRRCASH FLOW Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 717,100,000 932,230,000 1,118,676,000 1,174,609,800 1,233,340,290 691,496,000 769,920,800 840,877,960 874,759,858 910,431,851 25,604,000 162,309,200 277,798,040 299,849,942 322,908,439 29,700,000 29,700,000 29,700,000 29,700,000 29,700,000 (4,096,000) 132,609,200 248,098,040 270,149,942 293,208,439 0. 72 0. 72 0. 72 0. 72 0. 72 (4,096,000) 95,478,624 178,630,589 194,507,958 211,110,076 25,604,000 125,178,624 208,330,589 224,207,958 240,810,076 (148,500,000) (45,000,000) (193,500,000) 2. 5 15. 30% 277,726,609 54% 30. 39% (45,000,000) 25,604,000 (58,500,000) (13,500,000) 111,678,624 (70,200,000) (11,700,000) 196,630,589 (73,710,000) (3,510,000) 220,697,958 (77,395,50 0) (3,685,500) 314,520,076 The Payback Period is:Conclusion: 1. 2. 3. 4. The project completely has the ability of reaching the break-even point from the first year. Payback period is nearly 2. 5 years, a very appropriate period in the whole process of 5 years. NPV is a positive numbers and IRR is at 54%, much more higher than the cost of capital. MIRR is at 30. 39%, a high figure. ? Although the initial investment is quite small, all the figures above have proved that this project is profitable and promises to bring high profit. Reference: Fundamental of corporate financial Book Vatgia. vn Kitchenart. wordpress. com Nguyenkim. vn â€Å"Special thank to Ms. Pham Lien Ha to helps us to do this project† Fin 202- Group Assignment â€Å" p c l h n t Ms h m Le H S ei t a k o . a i a a P n frh ligu t d t i po c† o e n s o o hs rj t p e Table of content: Excutive Summary: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P. 3 Business Plan:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P. 3 Vision:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P. 3 Main Services:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P. 3 Evaluating the market:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P. 4 Financial Plan:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P. 5 Initial Investment:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P. 5 Interest Payment:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P. 6 Wages Payment: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P. 6 Variable cost:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P. 7 Fixed cost per year for Selling and Admin activities:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P. 7 Expected number of customers:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P. 7 Total expense:†¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P. 8 Price of each services:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P. 8 Revenue Plan:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P. Profit & Loss Plan:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P. 9 Break even for each year:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P. 9 Cash flow& Analysis:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P. 10 Conclusion:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P. 10 Reference:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P. 11 Excutive summary: In order to bring customers a new service, especially for the female customers, our group decided to bring a new project- call Cake Paradise. Nowadays, need of making a handmade cake or chocolate of female customers for their lovers, friends or families is very high but not everyone has enough money to buy for herself an expensive oven or cake cooking tools. Our project is created to solve this problems.We provide a service for customer to hire our kitchen with full machines & tools of cake co oking to made a cake or chocolate. We also provides ingridiants in Shop of cake ingridients in 1st floor and Class of learning how to make a cake 2 times/week. With this advantages and professional of this service, we believe we will achieve the highest expectation from customer. To be the first company provide service in hiring Cake making machines and Tools, Cake paradise have high grow rate and fullfill the need of customers about the cake making-which means profitable and deserve to be invested.Business plan: Vision: Customers Focus High quality services Grown up by 100% in the first 5 years Making profits since 2nd or 3rd year operating Main Services: 1st Floor: Shop of Cake ‘ingridientswhere you can find any kinds of cake ingridients and tools. 2nd & 3rd Floor: Cake paradise’s Kitchen – for hiring with fullfill cake making ‘s equipment and tools. It is call DIY service- With VND120,000 for 3 hours, you will have full of cake making equipment and tools to make your ideal cake for your lovers.Every Friday and Sunday, we have classes of making cake, which are teached by cookers who are very experienced in making cakes- With VND400,000 for a 4-hour class, you will learn to make 3 kinds of delicious cakes or chocolate in the world, it is a best price for any learners. Evaluating Market: Instead of going to a cake shop and buy for the lovers or family, friends a cake, recently, many girls and women want to make for her relatives a cake by herself.This gift is unique and more meaningful to her relatives and in other way, it prove the womenliness and caringful of who made it. It now creates a trend not only in making cake but also in making handmade stuffs. We notice that there is a lack for cake handmade market. We can easily find handmake ‘s materitals and tools in the market as paper, stuff,†¦.. with a quite cheap price. But in making cake, the ingridients, especially the cake making equipments are very expensive.Not every one has enough money to buy for herself a expensive oven or cooking tools. When in the market, there are many suppliers provides for other handmade things but there aren’t a supplier which provide hiring cake making machine & tools although the demand of it is very high. Seeing this, our group decided to bring Cake paradise service to customer. Financial Plan: Innital Investment: We plan the project will be implemented in 5 years For the long-term assets, time for full depreciation is 5 years. No.Tool& Equipment Capital Expense 1st Floor -Shop for Cake's ingridients Good shelf Refrigerator Table Electronic Cash Regristor Cost of Installment& Decoration 2nd & 3rd Floor- Place for DIY and Learning Kitchen cupboard Oven Refrigerator Hand-mixer Blender Gas cooker Fan Table Cost of Installment & Decoration 4th Floor -Office Destop & PC Phones Printer Office Table and chairs Cost of Installment& Decoration Working capital for the zero year Uniform for Staff Training course for staf f Tools for the kitchen Tools for the office CashINITAL INVESTMENT Quantity Cost per Unit Total Cost 148,500,000 17,800,000 4,800,000 3,500,000 1,000,000 3,500,000 5,000,000 99,900,000 30,000,000 18,000,000 26,000,000 2,800,000 1,100,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 10,000,000 30,800,000 20,000,000 800,000 3,000,000 5,000,000 2,000,000 45,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 30,000,000 193,500,000 29,700,000 1 1 1 600,000 3,500,000 1,000,000 3,500,000 5,000,000 15,000,000 3,000,000 13,000,000 700,000 550,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 800,000 3,000,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 200,000 500,000 TOTAL DEPRECITAION 2 6 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 1 1 5 10 6 Interest Payment: Year Quarter 1 I II III IV 2 I II III IV 3 I II III IV 4 I II III IV 5 I IIIII IV INTEREST PAYMENTS (VND) Beginning Balance Principal Payment Interest Payment Total Payment Total Payment/Year Ending Balance 80,000,000 4,000,000 2,400,000 6,400,000 24,880,000 76,000,000 76,000,000 4,000,000 2,280,00 0 6,280,000 72,000,000 72,000,000 4,000,000 2,160,000 6,160,000 68,000,000 68,000,000 4,000,000 2,040,000 6,040,000 64,000,000 64,000,000 4,000,000 1,920,000 5,920,000 22,960,000 60,000,000 60,000,000 4,000,000 1,800,000 5,800,000 56,000,000 56,000,000 4,000,000 1,680,000 5,680,000 52,000,000 52,000,000 4,000,000 1,560,000 5,560,000 48,000,000 48,000,000 4,000,000 1,440,000 5,440,000 21,040,000 44,000,000 44,000,000 4,000,000 1,320,000 5,320,000 40,000,000 40,000,000 4,000,000 1,200,000 5,200,000 36,000,000 36,000,000 4,000,000 1,080,000 5,080,000 32,000,000 32,000,000 4,000,000 960,000 4,960,000 19,120,000 28,000,000 28,000,000 4,000,000 840,000 4,840,000 24,000,000 24,000,000 4,000,000 720,000 4,720,000 20,000,000 20,000,000 4,000,000 600,000 4,600,000 16,000,000 16,000,000 4,000,000 480,000 4,480,000 17,200,000 12,000,000 12,000,000 4,000,000 360,000 4,360,000 8,000,000 8,000,000 4,000,000 240,000 4,240,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 120,000 4,120,000 Notes: Debt of VND80,000, 000 from bank, maturity of 5 years, interest rate 12% Interest is paid in from the first month, principal payment is incurred once a quarter Wages payment:Job title 1 Director 2 Secretary 3 Accountant 4 Sales Assistant 5 Cooking teacher 6 Securities Total Quantity 1 1 1 6 2 2 WAGE PAYMENTS (VND) Year 1 Year 2 72,000,000 75,600,000 42,000,000 44,100,000 48,000,000 50,400,000 144,000,000 151,200,000 96,000,000 100,800,000 48,000,000 50,400,000 450,000,000 472,500,000 Year 3 79,380,000 46,305,000 52,920,000 158,760,000 105,840,000 52,920,000 496,125,000 Year 4 83,349,000 48,620,250 55,566,000 166,698,000 111,132,000 55,566,000 520,931,250 Year 5 87,516,450 51,051,263 58,344,300 175,032,900 116,688,600 58,344,300 546,977,813 Notes: 1. Wages of Director, Secretary, Accountant, Sales Assistant, Securities are included in Selling and Admin Fixed expense each year 2. Wages of cooking teacher is included as Direct Labor for Learning Services 3. Wages growth rate is 5% each year Variable cost :We have three services in this project, in general, to estimate the variable cost, we estimate the variable cost beyond the number of customers we service. Services Included Shopping DIY Learning Bag Tool packgage 1 Tools package 2 Ingridients Using CP's kitchen Using CP's tools Teacher Services Included Bag Tool package 1 Tool package 2 Ingridients Using CP's kitchen (gas, water, electricity cost,†¦) Using CP's kitchen ‘s tools Teacher Total VARIABLE COST PER CUSTOMER Shopping DIY 500 3,500 Learning 500 3,500 15,000 3,000 10,000 500 3,500 15,000 50,000 3,000 10,000 50,000 132,000 4,000 32,000 Fixed cost per year for Selling and Admin activities:FIXED COST PER YEAR FOR ADMINSTRATIVE & SELLING ACTIVITIES Detail Per month Per year Internet bill 250,000 3,000,000 Electricity bill 1,500,000 18,000,000 Water bill 200,000 2,400,000 Phoning bill 200,000 2,400,000 Advertising exp 6,000,000 Other exp 1,000,000 12,000,000 43,800,000 Expected number of customers: year 1 Shopping DI Y Learning Total EXPECTED NUMBER OF CUSTOMER year 2 year 3 year 4 3500 4550 5460 2920 3796 4555 768 998 1198. 1 7,188 9,344 11,213 year 5 5733 4783 1258 11,774 6020 5022 1321 12,363 We assume that because this is a new services which haven't existed in the market so it will have a numerous of customers The growth rate will be 30%, 10% and 5% for the year of 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively , after the services enter the market. Total expense:Year 0 Total Variable costs Shopping DIY Learning Total Fixed costs Wages Depreciation House Renting Fixed cost of selling and admin Intersest payment Total cost TOTAL EXPENSE Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 208,816,000 271,460,800 325,752,960 342,040,608 14,000,000 18,200,000 21,840,000 22,932,000 93,440,000 121,472,000 145,766,400 153,054,720 101,376,000 131,788,800 158,146,560 166,053,888 512,380,000 354,000,000 29,700,000 60,000,000 43,800,000 24,880,000 721,196,000 528,160,000 371,700,000 29,700,000 60,000,000 43,800,000 22,960,000 799,620,800 544,825,000 390,285,000 29,700,000 60,000,000 43,800,000 21,040,000 870,577,960 562,419,250 409,799,250 29,700,000 60,000,000 43,800,000 19,120,000 904,459,858 359,142,638 24,078,600 160,707,456 174,356,582 580,989,213 430,289,213 29,700,000 60,000,000 43,800,000 17,200,000 940,131,851 Price of each services:Customer Year 1 Shopping DIY Learning Year 2 Shopping DIY Learning Year 3 Shopping DIY Learning Year 4 Shopping DIY Learning Year 5 Shopping DIY Learning 3,500 2,920 768 4,550 3,796 998 5,460 4,555 1,198 5,733 4,783 1,258 6,020 5,022 1,321 Variable Cost 14,000,000 93,440,000 101,376,000 18,200,000 121,472,000 131,788,800 21,840,000 145,766,400 158,146,560 22,932,000 153,054,720 166,053,888 24,078,600 160,707,456 174,356,582 Fixed cost Toatal cost Cost per customer Average cost in 5 year 512,380,000 51,238,000 65,238,000 18,639 15,138 230,571,000 324,011,000 110,963 92,074 230,571,000 331,947,000 432,223 360,406 528,160,000 52,816,000 71,016,000 15,608 237,672,000 359,144,000 94 ,611 237,672,000 369,460,800 370,053 544,825,000 54,482,500 76,322,500 13,978 245,171,250 390,937,650 85,822 245,171,250 403,317,810 336,637 562,419,250 56,241,925 79,173,925 13,810 253,088,663 406,143,383 84,915 253,088,663 419,142,551 333,186 580,989,213 58,098,921 82,177,521 13,652 261,445,146 422,152,602 84,059 261,445,146 435,801,728 329,932 Shopping DIY Learning Original Cost plus 1% Final Price Note: We calculate the total cost of a service and base on it to estimate the price 15,289 17,000 For the Shopping services, the price is the average profit we gain from each shopping bill 92,995 120,000Assume that the shop don't have inventory because the goods are directly taken from agent 364,010 400,000 Revenue Plan:Year 0 Shopping Customer Profit/bill DIY Customer Price Learning Customer Price Total Growth rate of revenue (%) Year 1 EXPECTED REVENUE Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 59,500,000 77,350,000 92,820,000 97,461,000 102,334,050 3,500 4,550 5,460 5,733 6,020 17,000 17,000 17,00 0 17,000 17,000 350,400,000 455,520,000 546,624,000 573,955,200 602,652,960 2,920 3,796 4,555 4,783 5,022 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 307,200,000 399,360,000 479,232,000 503,193,600 528,353,280 768 998 1,198 1,258 1,321 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 717,100,000 932,230,000 1,118,676,000 1,174,609,800 1,233,340,290 30 20 5 5 Because this is a completely new services, so after the first year, the number of customers increase sharply in the 2nd and 3rd year, but in the 4th and 5th year when Cake paradise (C has the competitor, ( who enter the market to join this segment), the growth rate of CP increase slightly at 5%. Profit & Loss Plan:Year 1 Revenue Variable Cost Contribute Margin Fixed Cost Earning before Tax Tax Earning after tax PROFIT AND LOSS PLAN Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 717,100,000 932,230,000 1,118,676,000 1,174,609,800 1,233,340,290 208,816,000 271,460,800 325,752,960 342,040,608 359,142,638 508,284,000 660,769,200 792,923,040 832,569,192 874,197,652 512,380,000 528,160,000 544,825,000 562,419,250 580,989,213 (4,096,000) 132,609,200 248,098,040 270,149,942 293,208,439 28% 28% 28% 28% 28% (4,096,000) 95,478,624 178,630,589 194,507,958 211,110,076 We can see that in the first year, because this is a new service and it needs time for the customers to know and have the habit to use this service, so the earning after tax for the first year is negative. After the first year,the number of customers who know and use Cake Paradise service increase (beyond word of mouth), the earning after tax for the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th increase sharply. Break even for each year:Year 1 CM CM unit CM Ratio Break even point Break even revenue Safety of margin 508,284,000 70712. 9 0. 7088 7,246 722,878,741 (5,778,741) BREAK EVEN Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 660,769,200 792,923,040 832,569,192 874,197,652 70712. 9 70712. 9 70712. 9 70712. 9 0. 7088 0. 7088 0. 7088 0. 7088 7,469 7,705 7,954 8,216 745,141,567 768,652,973 793,475,388 819,674,364 187,088,433 350, 023,027 381,134,412 413,665,926 Cash flow: We have, cost of capital was calculated by WACC assumption: ( ( ) ) Year 0 Revenue Operating Expense EBITDA D&A EBIT (1- Tax) NOPAT CFOP Capital expense Working capital Add W. C Free Cash flow Payback Period Cost of capital NPV IRR MIRRCASH FLOW Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 717,100,000 932,230,000 1,118,676,000 1,174,609,800 1,233,340,290 691,496,000 769,920,800 840,877,960 874,759,858 910,431,851 25,604,000 162,309,200 277,798,040 299,849,942 322,908,439 29,700,000 29,700,000 29,700,000 29,700,000 29,700,000 (4,096,000) 132,609,200 248,098,040 270,149,942 293,208,439 0. 72 0. 72 0. 72 0. 72 0. 72 (4,096,000) 95,478,624 178,630,589 194,507,958 211,110,076 25,604,000 125,178,624 208,330,589 224,207,958 240,810,076 (148,500,000) (45,000,000) (193,500,000) 2. 5 15. 30% 277,726,609 54% 30. 39% (45,000,000) 25,604,000 (58,500,000) (13,500,000) 111,678,624 (70,200,000) (11,700,000) 196,630,589 (73,710,000) (3,510,000) 220,697,958 (77,395,50 0) (3,685,500) 314,520,076 The Payback Period is:Conclusion: 1. 2. 3. 4. The project completely has the ability of reaching the break-even point from the first year. Payback period is nearly 2. 5 years, a very appropriate period in the whole process of 5 years. NPV is a positive numbers and IRR is at 54%, much more higher than the cost of capital. MIRR is at 30. 39%, a high figure. ? Although the initial investment is quite small, all the figures above have proved that this project is profitable and promises to bring high profit. Reference: Fundamental of corporate financial Book Vatgia. vn Kitchenart. wordpress. com Nguyenkim. vn â€Å"Special thank to Ms. Pham Lien Ha to helps us to do this project†

Raising the Minimum Wage Essay

There has been a lot of discussion regarding the increase of minimum wage across the nation. Currently, the wage is set at a low amount of $7.25 an hour. In today’s society it is almost impossible to live on only an income of $7.25 an hour especially for those who are raising a family. In President Obama’s 2013 State of the Union Address, the president proposed to raise the minimum wage to 9 dollars by the year 2015 (Luhby). A higher minimum wage would help people living in poverty by providing better means of financial stability, and it would also improve the chances of those people trying to escape poverty stricken living conditions. Another bonus to increasing the minimum wage is that it could potentially help lift the economy back up out of recession. For example, if people have more money, they are more likely to spend more money, therefore creating an increase in revenue for the nation as a whole. An increase in the present minimum wage to $ 9.00 per hour will boo st the economy, promote sufficient funds for the standard of living, and enhance equality among all United States citizens. To fully understand the argument circulating around the minimum wage law, it is first essential to recognize the reasons it was established. In 1937, the United States was still recovering from the Great Depression (Wilson). The Great Depression, a direct result of World War I, was a historical low point in United States’ economy. During this period of time, President Franklin D. Roosevelt endorsed the New Deal, which was a series of economic programs that helped to stimulate the nation’s economy (M.W. Overview). Once the bill was approved by President Roosevelt, Congress began a rigorous deliberation in order to deem the bill as constitutional. Unfortunately, the original document was found unconstitutional, which then caused the proposed bill to be re-evaluated before being enacted into a new law. After a long debate, policymakers reached an agreement as to what statutes would be included within the updated New Deal’s economic stimulus programs. Among those provisions, the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938 was instituted because it was believed to protect workers and stimulate the economy simultaneously (M.W. Overview). Meaning that, the federal government was not only concerned with rebuilding the United States’  economy, but they also recognized the importance of financial stability among all citizens. As a result of this recognition, Congress felt the need to implement a program that was specifically designed to protect employees from being over-worked and under-paid. Thus, in 1938 the first minimum wage of $0.25 an hour was enacted as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act (Sherk). This mandated pay rate ensured that workers would not only earn enough to sufficiently support themselves but also enough to support a family. Since the initial implementatio n of the minimum wage, Congress has decreed several raises in order to maintain an adequate income. In fact, according to Mark Sherk, author of The Negative Effects of Minimum Wage Laws, the minimum wage has been increased twenty-two times throughout its existence (Sherk). These increases suggest that the United States government recognized that its citizens were being underpaid and therefore adjusted the minimum wage accordingly so that workers would be compensated properly. With that being said, it is obvious that the United States government regulates the minimum wage, however it is also important to recognize that the responsibilities of the minimum wage are divided between different levels of government such as: national, state and local jurisdictions. The United States is operated by a federalist government, meaning that multiple levels of government share power (O’Gorman). For instance, a popular example of this type of government being exercised is allowing individual states to decide whether or not to legalize marijuana within their borders. This means that while one state may oppose the legalization of marijuana, another separate state may choose to accept marijuana as legal. Consequently, a similar approach applies when dealing with the issue of the minimum wage. The national government mandates a federal minimum wage that all states must adhere too, however states then have the option to implement a minimum wage on top of the federal minimum wage. This means that each individual state has the capability of initiating a higher minimum wage for its own citizens. Once the decision of applying a separate minimum wage has been made by the states, the United States Department of Labor requires that employees must receive the higher wage (Grace). In other words, employers within a state that have two minimum wages, a federal and state minimum wage, are r equired to pay employees the higher of the two. This policy ensures that employees are at  least compensated the federal minimum wage regardless of what a state implements unless the state mandates a higher minimum wage. In addition to policy enactment, the United States government also has two main economic responsibilities in order to reduce income inequalities among its citizens. According to the article Federalism and American Inequality, the government is economically responsible for development and redistribution (Kelly and Witko). Although the government is responsible for two economic activities, the duties are divided between state and national governments. State governments are in charge of developmental policies so that each state has the power to enact regulations that meet the needs of its individual residents. This can be seen within the American education system, such as allowing each state to decide curriculums for graduating high school. Likewise, the national government is responsible for redistributing funds throughout the nation in order to promote equality among all United States citizens. A great example for this method is the Social Security program, which is an entitlement program that spreads funds across generations to even out the wealth (O’Gorman). In fact, the Social Security program takes taxes from one group of people and disperses it directly to another group. Despite the United States government’s attempts to ensure all citizens have an equal opportunity in regards to income, unfortunately that is not the case. Studies suggest that an extravagant amount of workers earn either the current minimum wage of $7.25 an hour or less. As a matter of fact, in 2012 about 3.6 million workers fell into this category, which makes up about 4.7% of all hourly paid workers (Minimum Wage Workers). Even though the percentage of workers who fit into this category may seem slow, in reality it is an alarming rate especially since minorities and young people make up most of the population. As illustrated by the National Employment Law Project, 50% of minimum wage earners are 25 years of age and younger and another 5% of workers were of African American, Hispanic, Latino descent (NELP). That means that nearly 55% of workers who make the federal minimum wage are considered to be a minority across the nation. Another interesting statistic, reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, is that about three-fifths of minimum wage workers are employed in some type of service related industry (Minimum Wage Workers). For instance, a lot of food servers, waiters and waitresses, only earn a minimum wage salary of $7.25 or  less. However, in these professions, it is expected that employees receive tips from the served consumers. Then after combining the two entities, employees should earn a salary that is either equal to or more than the current minimum wage, but on many occasions, workers still do not make enough to equal a minimum wage salary. Along with recognizing who is actually affected by a minimum wage salary, it is also crucial to understand the economic stability the federal minimum wage accommodates for. In 2012 during his State of the Union address, President Barack Obama announced, â€Å"A minimum wage worker who works full time year round does not make enough to be considered above the federal poverty line† (Cooper). According to Dr. Sherry Kasper, an economics professor at Maryville College, the federal poverty line for one single individual is around $11,500 a year (Kasper). Since President Obama stated that full time minimum wage workers do not make enough money to meet the requirements to be above the federal poverty line, there are tons of people who make less than $11,500 annually and struggle financially to support themselves, let alone enough to support a family. Therefore, because the minimum wage so low, America has millions of people living in poverty. In addition to making an incredibly low annual salary, minimum wage workers also have to deal with actual monetary value this type of wage provides for. In the past, earning a minimum wage was sufficient enough to keep a single parent family of around two or three out of poverty. Yet in recent years that has been proven untrue for today’s world. The minimum wage was initiated in order to ensure that families were provided a living wage so that they could afford basic necessities (Kasper). However, in this day and age, the current minimum wage does not provide an efficient living wage, but instead only a wage that each United States citizen is entitled to earn. The graph below titled Annual minimum wage earnings and poverty level for families of two or three (2012$) illustrates the history of the federal minimum wage in terms of buying power in the economy. The graph above displays the current minimum wage does not provide enough money for a family of three to reach even the most basic level of adequate living standard, but if the president’s proposal to raise the minimum wage to $9.00 an hour went into effect, families would in deed earn enough money to escape poverty stricken living conditions. As with any important policy issue, people’s opinions will clash and create a huge debate over which side gives the best solution, and the argument around whether or not to increase the minimum wage is no different. There have been many skeptics arise that feel that raising the minimum wage to $9.00 an hour would completely destroy today’s economy instead of helping it. Some even claim that a higher minimum wage would only make life for those living in poverty worse. James Sherk, a Senior Policy Analyst in Labor Economics reported a higher minimum wage would result in more unemployment and it would cause the cost of living to increase (Sherk). The argument involving more unemployment is based on the assumption that employers will be forced to reduce staff sizes in order to compensate for paying a higher wage. Yet contrary to that belief, Princeton economists, David Card and Alan Krueger’s, fifteen year research project, found that modest increases in the minimum wage have had very little or no effect on the rate of employment (NELP). Hence, the rate of employment should be considered insignificant when determining if the minimum wage should be increased or not. Another negative claim to raising the minimum wage is that the cost of living will rise along with the minimum wage, and therefore not reduce poverty. Based on the way that American welfare programs work presently, an increase in the minimum wage could potentially result in people being cut off from government assistance. Currently, the amount of assistance people receive directly depends on their income levels. For example, each additional dollar of income reduces the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) by 24 cents (Sherk). This means that at the exact same rate people earn a little extra money, their level of assistance decreases. But according to the article The Negative Effects of Minimum Wage Laws, research proves that the minimum wage has absolutely no direct effect on poverty (Wilson). Thus meaning that, increasing the current minimum wage to $9.00 an hour will not result in higher levels of poverty. In today’s society, a $7.25 minimum wage does not sufficiently provide enough money for an individual to afford an adequate standard of living. In  fact it does not even furnish basic needs that everyone deserves in life. A higher minimum wage would improve the lives of people living in poverty and possibly boost the entire United Stats’ economy by increasing revenue since people would be able to afford spending extra money. Therefore implementing a higher minimum wage of $9.00 an hour is a great solution for the economic recession that is currently taking place. It would provide sufficient funds necessary for a descent life, improve the economy, and even promote equality among American citizens. In short, the United States government needs to raise the federal minimum wage to $9.00 an hour because it is the most effective solution to the present economic crisis and it is in the best interest of all United States’ residents. Works Cited Cooper, David. â€Å"Putting a $9 minimum wage in context .† Economic Policy Institute. Working Economics, 15 Feb. 2013. Web. 29 Sept. 2013. Luhby, Tami. â€Å"The impact of a $9 minimum wage.† CNN Money. N.p., 12 Feb. 2013. google.com. Web. 17 Sept. 2013. Kasper, Sherry. â€Å"Public Policy Interview.† Message to the author. 16 Nov. 2013. E-mail. Kelly, Nathan J., and Christopher Witko. â€Å"Federalism And American Inequality.† Journal Of Politics 74.2 (2012): 414-426. Academic Search Premier. Web. 29 Sept. 2013. â€Å"Minimum Wage Overview: Provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act. (Cover Story). â€Å"Congressional Digest 92.5 (2013): 3-10. Academic Search Premier. Web. 29 Sept. 2013. â€Å"Minimum Wage Workers: Characteristics Of Those Employed At Or Below The Minimum Wage. (Cover Story).† Congressional Digest 92.5 (2013): 11-32. Academic Search Premier. Web. 29 Sept. 2013. â€Å"NELP Briefing Paper.† National Employment Law Project. NELP, Jan. 2011. Web. 29 Sept. 2013. O’Gorman, Mark. â€Å"Domestic Policy.† Maryville, TN. 22 Oct. 2013. Lecture. Sherk, James. â€Å"What is Minimum Wage: Its History and Effects on the Economy.† The Heritage Foundation. N.p., 25 June 2013. Web. 29 Sept. 2013. Wilson, Mark. â€Å"The Negative Effects of Minimum Wage Laws.† Cato Institute. N.p., Sept. 2012. Web. 29 Sept. 2013.

OBriens Depiction of Soldiers Essays

OBriens Depiction of Soldiers Essays OBriens Depiction of Soldiers Essay OBriens Depiction of Soldiers Essay Essay Topic: The Things They Carried War causes a lot of damage not only in the form of destruction of property and death of combatants but also in the long-lasting effects on the military service personnel. Some sustain injuries that take years to heal, causing several functional limitations in terms of movement, bathing, and preparation of meals. These limitations have far-reaching consequences that undermine the quality of the lives of the ex-soldiers. Others experience psychological problems that affect the social aspect of their lives for many years. Although OBriens story focuses on the life of a soldier before and after the war, the arrangement of episodes gives a succinct account of the psychological challenges soldiers face outside combat settings. The highlighted effects often occur after the soldiers are released from the service and seek to integrate themselves into civilian populations. Coping with the scars of war is the greatest challenge that veterans face as they reintegrate into civilian life (Demers 160; Brown 2). In his book, OBrien depicts soldiers as persons filled with guilt for some of the decisions they made either in the batter fields or before military engagements. Due to the problems that veterans encounter after the war, some of them are depicted as overwhelmed by guilt for joining foreign war missions (OBrien 4-14).This is shown in the episode where Norman Bowker regrets for his waste of time in Vietnam. According to Bowker, his friends back at home have achieved a lot in his absence (OBrien 98-107).The death of Kiowa left a lot of guilt in Bowker. Bowker saw his friend helplessly die but could not prevent it since he faced a similar threat (OBrien 96-97).Such experiences leave long-term scars on soldiers. Research elsewhere documents that fears of guilt are common with veterans who are often haunted not only by the failures in the battle fields to protect their friends but also the stark reality of life after assuming civilian culture(Demers 166-173). They cannot reconcile that some of their colleagues died in the war because they failed to act or cared so much about personal safety. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD) has become the most common mental condition that is diagnosed among former military service officers (Smith and True148). According to Demers (160), 31 percent of the soldiers that have been deployed in war zones get diagnosed with PSTD. PSTD is as a result of the horrendous encounters in the war which subject the soldiers to extreme stress. Psychological problems such as depression detach former soldiers from the rest of the civilian population. As OBrien (97-108), reveals, some of the veterans are so disconnected with the civilian life that they fail to create an emotional attachment with events in the civilian world. The story of Bowker reveals a man who is overwhelmed by thoughts of war yet he cannot find someone to share such painful experiences. This situation aggravated by the lack of information on the part of the civilian population in regards to the effect of war experiences on soldiers (Dickerson 15 Nov, 2015). The nature of the western culture compounds the mental problems of veterans. Western societies have developed into tight-knit communities which allow little camaraderie that is common in the military (Smith and True 148). Nobody is around for the former military service personnel to talk to as the Western life has become individualized. In view of the social interactions, veterans consider telling stories and interacting with friends as one of the effective ways of coping with traumatic war experiences (Demers 164). According to Demers, it is a natural way of telling ones life story, and it often comes with great satisfaction. Brown (26) concurs that social connection is vital in overcoming worries associated with war. Due to the disruptive and emotional nature of traumatic experiences, veterans encounter additional challenges of seeking personal identity especially in civilian settings(Demers 163).As a result, veterans become disconnected, delaying the process of reintegration into the civilian culture. According to OBrien (98-104), the failure to locate ones identity is evidenced in Bowkers inability to reconcile his thoughts. The situation is compounded by the lack of friends and his disconnectedness with family members. PSTDs destructive nature also leaves veterans frustrated and despondent with life. Since most of the victims suffer in silence, they end up seeking solace in alcohol (Demers 160).Psychological studies find that most alcohol-dependent veterans exhibit symptoms of PSTD; PSTD precedes alcohol problems that are common with ex-soldiers (Brown 5).The dependence on alcohol comes as a result of failure to access professional transition services as well as the inadequate social bond between friends and families. Through Bowker, OBrien depicts the life of an ex-soldier consuming excessive amount of alcohol as a way of seeking solace from his troubled world. Yet, this approach does not solve much of the problems, exposing the life of the veteran to more suffering. Veterans that do not receive much attention in the treatment of PSTD often display anger and depression (Demers 160).The social disconnect is likely to make an ex-soldier live in bitterness and, may lead to engagement in criminal activities as a consequence of extreme aggressiveness (Brown 4).According to Brown (4-5), veterans account for 10 percent of bookings at prison facilities in the US. Common crimes include murder, assault, and attempted murder. Similarly, OBrien presents Bowker as angry and bitter with his life. Such situation may expose him to acts that are in contravention of the law (103-109). Economic problems make a prominent feature in OBriens narration. Veterans are depicted as stragglers in the search for employment opportunities (OBrien 108).The failure to secure a job results from several factors. For instance, in the civilian workplace, social relationships are essential for successful performance. This may not be achieved by a former military service officer considering that most of them suffer from psychological problems. According to Demers (163-172), ex-soldiers (especially young veterans) find it difficult to cope with the workplace environment due to poor reintegration rate and lack of the appropriate skills that match available job opportunities. Furthermore, some may experience challenges in acquiring new skills that would fit the requirements of the civilian labor market. Through the narrator, OBrien exposes the transition challenges young veterans encounter in their efforts to acquire relevant skills in the labor market. He narrates that Bowker changed se veral jobs in a short period and also dropped out of college (OBrien 108-109).Such behaviors depict veterans as disjointed and disoriented. As Demers (162-64) notes, the failure to last for long on a single job reflects a failure in the process of transition. The situation is worsened by the low level of awareness among the civilians in regards to the psychological problems faced by veterans. Those that fail to handle the pressures of unemployment and psychological challenges often engage in crime while others may commit suicide in resignation (Brown 5; OBrien 108-09). Although some soldiers succeed in reintegrating into the civilian culture, the memories of war events often remain part of their lives for many years. Some of the scars never go away. According to OBrien (91-94), the relationships of the soldiers with their families are likely to be affected due to the inability to reveal some of the experiences of the war. There are some war secrets that veterans fail to reveal for the rest of their lives. Despite the success the narrator has achieved in reintegrating into the civilian culture, memories of the gruesome events of the war continue to haunt him. This is seen in his decision to go back to Vietnam to revisit the scene where his friend died during the war. Also, he decides to plunge himself into the river on the scene of Kiowas death (92-94).These actions depict a person who has not fully recovered from the mental ravages of the war. In conclusion, OBrien illustrates several problems that veterans endure in non-combat settings. Most of the ex-soldiers face severe guilt problems that are rooted in the failure to protect the death of some of their friends and colleague during the war or the realities of civilian culture. Others suffer from PSTD which affects their social skills and also predisposes them to suicidal tendencies and crime. Due to the non-gregarious nature of the Western society, most veterans find it difficult to shake off the horrors of the war; few persons are available for socialization. Moreover, the lack of understanding among civilian population regarding the psychological conditions of former soldiers further exposes them to isolation. On overall, OBrien emphasizes that no matter much the veterans integrate into the civilian culture, the scars of the war may never be erased. Brown, WilliamB. From War Zones to Jail: Veteran Reintegration Problems. Policy Justice Journal, vol.8, no.1,2011, pp.1-48. Demers, Anne. When Veterans Return: The Role of Community in Reintegration. Journal of Loss and Trauma, vol.16, no.2,2011, pp.160-179. Dickerson, Kelly. Soldiers returning home are faced with a heartbreaking problem most people dont understand. Business Insider, 15Nov.2015. OBrien, Tim. The Things They Carried: A Work of Fiction. Broadway Books,1998. Smith, R.T., and G. True. Warring Identities: Identity Conflict and the Mental Distress of American Veterans of the Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Society and Mental Health, vol.4, no.2,2014, pp.147-161.

East Coast Yachts key Essay Essay Example

East Coast Yachts key Essay Essay Example East Coast Yachts key Essay Essay East Coast Yachts key Essay Essay 1. Calculate all of the ratios listed in the industry tabular array for East Coast Yachts Current ratio=CA/CL= 14. 651. 000/19. 539. 000=0. 75Quick Ratio= ( CA-Inventory ) /CL= ( 14651000-6136000 ) /19539000=0. 44 Entire assert turnover=Sales / Entire Assets=167310000/108615000=1. 54 Inventory turnover=Cost of Goods Sold / Inventory=117910000/6136000=19. 22 Receivable turnover=Sales / Histories Receivable=167310000/5473000=30. 57 Debt ratio ( TA-TE ) /TA= ( 108615000-55341000 ) /108615000=0. 49 Debt-equity ratio=TD/TE=33735000/55341000=0. 61Equity multiplier=TA/TE=108615000/55341000=1. 96Interest coverage=23496000/300900=7. 96Net income margin=Net Income / Sales=12562200/167310000=0. 07Tax return on asserts=Net Income / Total Assets=12562200/108615000=0. 12 Return on equity=Net Income / Total Equity=12562200/55341000=0. 23 2. Compare the public presentation of East Coast Yachts to the industry as a whole. For each ratio. remark on why it might be viewed as positive or negative relation to the industry. Suppose you create an stock list ratio calculated as stock list divided by current liabilities. How do you construe this ratio? How does East Coast Yachts comparison to the industry norm? Current ratio is negative because CA smaller than CL Quick Ratio is positive because the ratio is bigger than the industry upper quartile ratio. Entire assert turnover is positive the ratio because the ratio is bigger than the industry upper quartile ratio. Inventory turnover is positive because it is higher than the industry norm. It represents that the company has a high gross revenues based on its stock list. Receivable turnover is positive because it shows that the company can roll up the gross revenues faster. Debt ratio is positive because it shows that the company has a lower debt hazard than the industry norm. Debt-equity ratio is positive because it shows that the company is less aggressive utilizing debt which means the company has comparatively lower debt hazard. Equity multiplier is negative because it shows that the company has a lower accounting return. Interestcoverage= Net income border is about the same with the industry norm. Tax return on assets is positive because the net income per dollar of assets is higher than the industry norm. Tax return on equity is positive because it shows that the company has better shareholder’s menu. Inventory Ratio= CL /Inventory =19539000/6136000=3. 18 Inventory is negative It is still smaller than industry lower quartile It represents that the company has a low gross revenues based on its stock list. 3. Calculate the sustainable growing rate of East Coast Yachts. Calculate external financess needed ( EFN ) and prepare pro forma income statements and balance sheets presuming growing at exactly this rate. Recalculate the ratios in the old inquiry. What do you detect? ROE=ni/te=125622000/55341000=0. 23 B=re/ni=5024800/12562200=0. 4Sustainable Growth rate=ROE*b/1-roe*b=0. 23*0. 4/1-0. 23*0. 40=0. 099 EFN= TA- ( TL+E ) =108615000*1. 099-(19539000*1. 099+3373500+55341000*1. 1099)=3166002 All Current ratio=CA/CL= 14. 651. 000*1. 09/19. 539. 000*1. 09=0. 75 QuickRatio= ( CA-Inventory ) /CL= ( 14651000*1. 09-6136000*1. 09 ) /19539000*1. 09=0. 44 Entire assert turnover=Sales / Entire Assets=167310000*1. 09/108615000*1. 09=1. 54 Inventory turnover=Cost of Goods Sold / Inventory=117910000*1. 09/6136000*1. 09=19. 22 Receivable turnover=Sales / Histories Receivable=167310000*1. 09/5473000*1. 09=30. 57 Debt ratio ( TA-TE ) /TA= ( 108615000-55341000*1. 09 ) /108615000*1. 09=0. 49 Debt-equity ratio=TD/TE=33735000*1. 09/55341000*1. 09=0. 61 Equity multiplier=TA/TE=108615000*1. 09/55341000*1. 09=1. 96Interest coverage=23496000*1. 09/300900*1. 09=8. 93Net income margin=Net Income / Sales=12562200*1. 09/167310000*1. 09=0. 07 Tax return onasserts=Net Income / Total Assets=12562200*1. 09/108615000*1. 09=0. 12 Return on equity=Net Income / Total Equity=12562200*1. 09/55341000*1. 09=0. 23 Merely involvement coverage changed. 4As a practical affair. East Coast Yachts is improbable to be willing to raise external equity capital. in portion because the proprietors don’t want to thin their bing ownership and control places. However. East Coast Yachts is be aftering for a growing rate of 20 per centum following twelvemonth. What are your decisions and recommendations about the feasibleness of East Coast’s enlargement programs? EFN= TA- ( TL+E ) =108615000*1. 2-(19539000*1. 2+3373500+55341000*1. 2)=8753040 5. Most assets can be increased as a per centum of gross revenues. For case. hard currency can be increased by any sum. However. fixed assets frequently must be increased in specific sums because it is impossible. as a practical affair. to purchase portion of a new works or machine. In this instance a company has a â€Å"staircase† or â€Å"lumpy† fixed cost construction. Assume that East Coast Yachts is presently bring forthing at 100 per centum Of capacity. As a consequence. to spread out production. the company must put up an wholly new line at a cost of $ 30 million. Calculate the new EFN with this premise. What does this imply about capacity use for East Coast Yachts following twelvemonth? Depreciation percentage= $ 5. 460. 000 / $ 93. 964. 000= . 0581Pro forma depreciation=0. 581*123964000=7203221 EFN= TA- ( TL+E ) =108615000*1. 2+3000000 -(19539000*1. 2+3373500+55341000*1. 2=23004405 The fixed assets have increased faster than gross revenues. so the capacity use for following twelvemonth will diminish.

Aristotle’s views on slavery

Aristotles views on slavery Ancient Greek society generally, and therefore classical Athens, even when it was a ‘democracy’, was bored in slavery, an institution which Aristotle did not consider to be unjust and which he defends in book I of his Politics. This essay will focus on why Aristotle spent so much time on the subject of slavery. Also he claims that woman should not be treated the same as slaves, I would like to discuss the grounds in which he makes this distinction. What is the difference between conventional slavery and natural slavery? And most importantly what is the effect of Aristotle’s argument on conventional slavery? Aristotle’s views on slavery are to the modern mind morally objectionable. Many find them poorly argued and incompatible with more fundamental tenants of his system[1]. Aristotle raises the question of whether slavery is natural or conventional. In his writing he insists that the former is the case. Is theory insists that some people are naturally slave s and some are naturally masters, thus he says: â€Å"But is there any one thus intended by nature to be a slave, and for whom such a condition is expedient and right, or rather is not all slavery a violation of nature?†[2]. It is not hard to answer this question, on the basis of reason and fact. For it is clear that it is necessary for some to rule and other be ruled from the hour of their birth, some are marked for subjection and some to rule. However, it may seem that those who are ruled must be slaves but this is not true at all. It seems clear that in the situation between a slave and a master, the master does not treat the slave as an equal, or as he wishes to be treated, as no one would willingly allow themselves to be enslaved. By implication this would mean that the relationship between ‘master’ and ‘slave’ is an unjust one, which in turn violates Aristotle’s fundamental principal of justice. However Aristotle states that this would o nly be the case if master and slave were indeed truly equal. In fact, however they are not. Because not only is the slave not an Athenian citizen but in addition the master is the superior of the natural slave in a number of respects e.g. possession of reason, wisdom, capacity for autonomous action etc. All of which are qualities that Aristotle associates with ‘humanity’, and all of which in his view are lacking in those who are natural slaves[3]. Aristotle says: â€Å"Where then there is such a difference as that between soul and body, or between men and animals (as in the case of those whose business is to use their body, and who can do nothing better), the lower sort are by nature slaves, and it is better for them as for all inferiors that they should be under the rule of a master. For he who can be, and therefore is, another’s and he who participates in rational principle enough to apprehend, but not to have, such a principle, is a slave by nature. Whereas t he lower animals cannot even apprehend a principle; they obey their instincts. And indeed the use made of slaves and of tame animals is not very different; for both with their bodies minister to the needs of life. Nature would like to distinguish between the bodies of freemen and slaves, making the one strong for servile labor, the other upright, and although useless for such services, useful for political life in the arts both of war and peace. But the opposite often happens–that some have the souls and others have the bodies of freemen. And doubtless if men differed from one another in the mere forms of their bodies as much as the statues of the Gods do from men, all would acknowledge that the inferior class should be slaves of the superior. And if this is true of the body, how much more just that a similar distinction should exist in the soul? but the beauty of the body is seen, whereas the beauty of the soul is not seen. It is clear, then, that some men are by nature free , and others slaves, and that for these latter slavery is both expedient and right.†[4]

I will upload files that include the topic Essay

I will upload files that include the topic - Essay Example The people in the story are exiled from the memories of China and find difficulty in establishing their own identity in an estranged country. Both the stories talk about the people who come to America to construct their life leaving their home, family, attachments and jobs. However the story â€Å" Brave We Are† is more of accepting various culture than the Chinese immigrants of â€Å" The Good Fall†. The two stories talks about hybridity and cultural differences faced by American immigrants . (Thesis) People get mixed and children born out of such hybridity bring multiculturalism which can be a brave action but still a matter of concern. According to ( Naqvi 932)â€Å" Brave we are, we who answer questions that spill forth artlessly from the mouth of nine year old purist questions that can neither be waved not dismissed with ambiguity† The characters in both the novel were not able to switch culture easily as they think . According to(Jin 229) â€Å" Mark Zong has ordered him to leave, but the monk went to a park and hanged himself instead†. By birth, their identity had been shaped by their culture and religion. Being a Muslim from Pakistan, it was not easy for Naqvi to change her cultural identity. As per (Varnum 9-13) â€Å"Cultural psychologists have consistently found different patterns of thinking and perception in different societies, with some cultures demonstrating a more analytic pattern and others a more holistic pattern†. She was locked in to a solitary culture and could not embrace the American culture completely. The American culture is new to Naqvi and being a foreigner accepting the modern life of America is a strange concept for her as well as the Chinese immigrants in â€Å" A Good Fall†. In the novel â€Å" Brave We are†Naqvi a mother faces threats when her son ask her about the meaning of hybridity. She tries to answer the question without her son going deep into the subject. She finds it absurd about the

Escherichia coli Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Escherichia coli - Essay Example E. coli is basically responsible for many intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. Some of these infewctions incluse meningitis, peritonitis, urinary tract infections, septicemia, Gram-negative pneumonia and mastitis. Based on the virulence properties of the enteric E. coli, these are subdivided into the following: enterotoxigenic, enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, verotoxigenic, enterohaemorrhagic and enteroaggregative E. coli. Enterotoxigenic (ETEC), is the causative agent of diarrhea in humans, pigs, sheep, goats, cattle, dogs, and horses. Enteropathogenic (EPEC) is the causative agent of diarrhea in humans, rabbits, dogs, cats and horses. Enteroinvasive (EIEC), is found only in humans, where as verotoxigenic (VTEC) is found in pigs, cattle, dogs and cats. Enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC) is found in humans, cattle, and goats, attacking porcine strains that colonize the gut in the same way as human EPEC strains and enteroaggregative E. coli.. Gastrointestinal Food industry plays a major role in the spread of diseases by e-coli. Most illness has been linked with consumption of undercooked, contaminated ground beef. There are also vegetarian sources as people have also become ill from eating contaminated bean sprouts or fresh leafy vegetables such as lettuce and spinach. Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a leading cause of food-borne illness in various parts of the world. E. coli O157:H7 was first recognized as a cause of illness in 1982 during an outbreak of severe bloody diarrhea; the outbreak was traced to contaminated hamburgers. Since then, more infections in the United States have been caused by eating undercooked ground beef than by any other food. It is a fact based on a 1999 estimate that about 73,000 cases of infection and 61 deaths occur every year in the United States alone. Unhygienic practices are the main cause for infection with E.coli O157:H7. The common way in which this bacterial infection affects human beings is bloody diarrhea, and sometimes may also be responsible for to kidney failure. Illness can also be transmitted from one person to another through contact. Besides, infection can also result from drinking raw milk and after swimming in or drinking sewage-contaminated water. This bacterial has become so common that there are also reports of e-coli in bottled drinking water.

Telecommunications Industry of Zimbabwe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Telecommunications Industry of Zimbabwe - Essay Example The telecommunications market in Zimbabwe and the world around is becoming increasingly consolidated, thus enabling the key players in the telecommunications industry to come out with products at a faster pace, so as to meet the demands of their customers and the trend of the market. The importance of investigating the relationship between project management maturity, business performance and project performance in the telecommunication industry in Zimbabwe cannot be overstated. A number of other studies have shown that the issue of what constitutes the most appropriate method of state policy restructuring as regards technological and industrial development is a matter of contention. Zimbabwe continues to open up its economy to market forces and as such more research and studies should be carried out about the country's economic and political roles and also on the social implications of telecommunications reform and reforms in other sectors of the economy. In a study carried out about contemporary south African telecommunications, the researchers noted that "while much has been written about general industrial development in that co... Zimbabwe continues to open up its economy to market forces and as such more research and studies should be carried out about the country's economic and political roles and also on the social implications of telecommunications reform and reforms in other sectors of the economy. In a study carried out about contemporary south African telecommunications, the researchers noted that "while much has been written about general industrial development in that country, there is no real detailed study of any of its major industries." (Kaplan, 1990). It can be said that the same also holds in the case of Zimbabwe. This situation can lead to some critical deficiencies in understanding because most major economics development processes can only be discerned through such detailed studies. 2. Theory and research review It should be noted that there are very few, if any publications about the telecommunications industry in Zimbabwe. Although one may find an occasional paper that discusses physical road and air transportation and communication or books about the postal history of the country, there hasn't been any prior real interest in the Zimbabwean telecommunications sector, even though this sector continues to grow in importance. As such, literature on telecommunications in Zimbabwe has mostly been manifested in papers presented at various economic, business or investment conferences. SWOT analysis: 3. Research problem statement and research objectives This study investigates the ways in which efficient management techniques can be implemented in the Zimbabwean telecommunication industry, as well as investigating the manner in which project maturity, business performance and project performance relate to one another in the industry. 3.1. Problem statement The

How Do We Use Stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

How Do We Use Stories - Essay Example Stories are also powerful. They enchant, delight, recall, touch, teach, motivate, inspire and challenge us. They help us understand certain things by creating pictures in our minds. Our lives revolve around stories, and as such, they move us and make us feel alive. Our appetite for stories is a demonstration of our insatiable desire to understand life patterns, an understanding that in addition to providing an ideal intellectual exercise also provides a personal emotional experience. Thus stories offers a platform through which we can reach out to people, and connect with them emotionally. It is therefore imperative that we understand the various forms and occasions that we use stories, the objectives we want to achieve, and the means we employ in our quest for achieving the said objective. The primary motive of a story is to capture a moment or event and then immortalize it. This is how information regarding various cultures and occurrences that took place way before the advent of writing passed down through generations, until this day we are able to either read them in books, or listen to people narrate them. These stories, whether we hear them or read them, have several aspects that tend to remain unchanged over time. For instance, a good number of stories we hear or read focus on human beings, the people. Be it ancient tales or modern stories delivered in a setting such as in an organization, or a story focusing on the environment or of the times before humans came to be, the central focus remains the people, in the form of characters at play, and by extension, the audience. All stories maintain this focus on the people in order to remain relevant, attract the listener or the readers’ attention, and thus pass the information, which as aforementioned, could b e to educate, or just to preserve facts and ideas about the community. Stories also stir up emotions. The preservation of an event or occurrence