“3 idiots” movie review Essay

The essay focus discussion on a movie called â€Å"3 idiots†. The essay provides a brief background of the chosen film. Next, it provides a description of the story and introduces the main characters in the movie such as the features on their experience and personalities. Moreover, it will illustrate discussion on main themes and ideas in the film. it focuses discussion on the use of cinematic techniques in the film. In addition, it will explain how the cinematic techniques used in the movie contribute in bringing about the themes and ideas such as the flashbacks, narratives, camera and music. Lastly, the essay includes our group opinion about the film. â€Å"3 Idiots† is a Bollywood comedy film directed by Rajkumar Hirani and produced by Vidhu Vinod Chopra. The movie was released on 25th December 2009. The main cast of the movie were Ranchhoddas ( Aamir Khan) who was studying for his passion in engineering and made significant contribution to his friends and other peop le in engineering field. In the movie, this important person- Ranchhoddas, tries to present the importance of teaching instead of simple simply memoring the books. For instance, memorizing a definition without understanding just to pass the exams is of no value especially in the long-run. Moreover, he had a strong desire for studying about machines. He believes that one should follow excellence, not success, as success will take care of itself if excellence is followed. Furthermore, Rancho had two best friends named â€Å"Raju† and â€Å"Faarhan†. The girlfriend of Rancho- Pia plays the role of â€Å"Virus† daughter. â€Å"Virus† is the president of the college. Virus was the named used by the college students to call him behind his back just to make fun of . Virus† (President) admires students who are good at memorizing things instead of understanding and implementing what you learnt. Virus favorite student was called â€Å"Silencer†. He believes in mindless memorizing over understanding in order to reach his goals of corporate status. Therefore, he puts emphasis on the results rather than the process. The movie focuses mainly on 3 characters such as Rancho, Farhan and Sharman. They studied engineering in the same college for different reasons. â€Å"Rancho† had a passion in learning about machines and was interested in this subject. However, Farhan was not interested in his major subject: â€Å"Engineering† and was somehow pressurized  from his family to pursue his career in the engineering field. Farhan real passion was for â€Å"Wildlife Photography†. On the other hand, Raju was from a poor family and he had to study hard in order to support his family and get his sister married to a good family. The movie shows people how awful the education can be. Students can’t really do the things they prefer and discover their value. The solitary thing they were thinking about was to be prosperous not valuable. When they were born, their parents helped them cultivate an objective for the children’s complete life. In this movie, all the parents wanted their children to become the supreme engineer in the world because engineers can make lots of money exclusively good engineers. Since Rancho had entered the school, he used his own methods to deal with such situations. One incident in the movie shows Raju was not happy with Rancho’s methods of learning things. To help Raju, Rancho provided him with an example that we should not rely on memorization rather we should understand and implement things. He disrupts Chatur’s speech ( Silencer) who has been writing to deliver on Education Speech Night, where the Minister of Education and the President of the college attended with many students. Chatur, with his deficiency of knowledge in Hindi, senselessly memorized the compromised paper and becomes the laughingstock of the night. Meanwhile, Raju’s paralysed father goes into a cardiac arrest, and was saved on time with the help of Rancho and Pia (Kareena Kapoor)- Virus’ daughter, who was doing placement in the city hospital. This made Raju sincerely change his mind about Rancho and became his close friend along with Farhan. Rancho fell in love with Pia, and she accepted his love for her. Infuriated, Virus repeatedly challenged to break Rancho’s friendship with Farhan and Raju. Nevertheless, they always supported Ranchoa, who constantly came first in every exam, while they were always last, barely passing, due to Farhan’s photography passion, and since Raju was a scared man. He was always panic and stressful during the exam times and spent most time in praying to God instead of thoroughly studying the course materials because panic does not help. Things became worse four year later when 3 friends got drunk and accidentally got into â€Å"Pia house† daughter of â€Å"Virus† in order for Rancho to confess his love for Pia. During the meeting, â€Å"Virus† sees Raju leaving and fails to see the other 2 friends. Virus threatens Raju to put the blame on Rancho and be saved. However, Raju  commits suicide as he did not want to betray his friend or let his family down. Raju gets well from his sickness by the support received from his friends and family. Moreover, he gets a good job offer by his honesty. Farhan, motivated by his friends, persuades his parents to let him follow his wildlife photographer dream. Furious by his reputation that was ruined by Farhan and Raju getting good jobs, he decided to make the final examination extremely tough for them to pass. Pia was aware of his father’s intentions and decided to help Raju together with Rancho and Farhan by stealing the examination papers from â€Å"Virus office† as Pia had a duplicate key. However, Raju did not accept this cheating and threw the exam paper away. Virus sees the exam paper in Rancho, Raju and Farhan room and expels Rancho on the spot. In the same night, Pia’s elder sister- Mona who was pregnant got labour pain and due to heavy rain she could not reach Pia or anyone else. Rancho and his friends through the use of Rancho methods of implementing things learnt how to deliver the baby. Virus finally reconcile with Rancho and his friends, allowing them to stay for their final exams, and gave Rancho an astronaut pen, as a sign of distinction that he had been keeping for thirty years to give to an extraordinary student.

Plant Layout Is Fundamental Health And Social Care Essay

Plant layout is cardinal and attending and consideration from the beginning are needed so as to forestall subsequent jobs. Although there could be different layout, the better 1 is still the one which is inexpensive and systematic. It includes scientific usage of work country, agreement of machines, easily screening out of stuffs or convenient conveyance system. Once the location is selected, the lone thing which can be adjusted is factory layout. Undoubtedly, layout is made for aims. For illustration, one aim is that the supervising of the work is easy and the stores remain clean and orderly. The merchandises with good quality should be produced at inexpensive cost and it should be easy to manage the stuffs which should be transported at a minimal cost in a minimal clip. Furthermore, maximal usage of the infinite country and better productiveness is besides the aims. Besides, congestion points and constrictions should be avoided and material waste should be minimized. All in all, it should be rushing of production and easy and simple care of works. As mentioned, works layout is critical portion of runing a cost effectual and efficient concern. Material storage installations, work country and production lines should be designed to execute to the highest rate and shortest rhythm clip as good. It is necessary to see all the maps within the concern when planing a works layout. The design should include the demands for the present concern degrees and commissariats for future enlargement. And avoiding frequent and dearly-won alterations to the design as demand additions should besides be considered. As a company proprietor, they should execute this survey prior to any works layout design. This will supply a clear apprehension of the present and future demands of the concern and the interaction of each section and will be used to plan the installation for the most efficient and productive work flow possible. As for Toyota illustration, we can non tie in the Toyota production system with the kanban system. Kanban system is one of the methods of control utilized within the Toyota production system. The Toyota production system is alone and alone. The thought behind it and the method of execution have been perfected after long old ages of test and mistake. It is a system of production, based on the doctrine of entire riddance of waste, which seeks the uttermost in reason in the manner we make things. We call this the Toyota system. Merely when the Toyota production system in its entirety is satisfactorily conducted, can at that place be an effectual use of the kanban system. Without altering the method of doing things, it is impossible to prosecute in the kanban system. Here is the chart about the panoramic position of the system. An~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~An ideal status for fabrication is where there is no waste in machines, equipment and forces, and where they can work together to raise the added value to bring forth net income. In order to near this ideal, we have devised a system in which the stuffs needed are obtained just-in-time which is precisely when needed and in the measure needed. On the other manus, for this ideal status to happen in the line operations, including machines and equipment, if there is abnormalcy, everything must be stopped instantly at the discretion of the worker or workers involved. The grounds for the happening of abnormalcy must be investigated from the land up. This is what we call mechanization with a human touch. We believe it is best to fabricate everything in a balanced mode. This load-smoothing production serves as the base for the two pillars of the Toyota-system, viz. the just-in-time and automa tion-with-a-human-touch attacks. In a normal workplace, the more the flow of things varies, the greater the incidence of making waste. The capacity of the workplace is frequently adjusted to the peak work demand and non to its mean value. At Toyota, there was a clip in which this was the normal happening. The industry has multiple types of parts in multiple Numberss. The procedure it must travel through is a really complex 1. The lone feasible solution for most auto industries has been to keep a certain sum of stock list on manus. They have planned in such a manner that every line will hold some work to make every twenty-four hours. However, this attack is a dearly-won one, because it requires keeping a parts stock list three to four times larger than that required when the assembly line has an equalising system of production. The waste created is tremendous. To hold a successful system of equalized production, Toyota must equalise non merely the measures but besides the types. Let ‘s take an illustration, Corona series. Toyota has a production agenda of 1000units a twenty-four hours. All unites are different in their engines, transmittals, external colourss and insides. Toyota scatters them all and does assembly work. They do n't bunch all ruddy Corona together and allow them flux in sequence because they want to equalise the types. If they allow autos with red-colored outsides to be placed on the assembly line to the exclusion of others, ruddy seats and interior parts will flux really to a great extent in the forenoon. In contrast, in the afternoon, there may non be adequate work left for those covering with the ruddy colour. As for the engine, they try to allow the 2000cc and 1800cc engines flow approximately in proportion to the figure used. As for the left guidance wheel autos for export and right maneuvering wheel autos for do mestic usage, the deciding factor in the assembly line is the gross revenues records of that peculiar clip. Or we may do every 3rd auto with a left guidance wheel. There must non be extremums and vales in Toyotas work, even in the minutest parts of the procedure. In so making, they can continue to the equalising system of production for their full procedure. This equalisation of the measures and the types is called burden smoothing under the Toyota system. The load-smoothing system of production is the major premiss for the riddance of waste. The kanban system can win in a topographic point where the concluding procedure is under the load-smoothing system of production. If there is no load-smoothing system of production, the kanban system will neglect. How to allow things flux? For illustration, we assume that five types Corona auto Angstrom to auto Tocopherols are all assembled by lines entirely devoted to each. Therefore as seen in the diagram below, at Line A, unites are moved at a two-minute interval, but at Line E, merely one unit is assembled every 16 proceedingss. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~P.54~~~~~~~~~~ When the separate sole lines are merged into one, the flow will take the signifier indicated at the underside of the figure. At Toyota ‘s assembly line, the autos may be the same Corona, but there are many different colourss, two-door and four-door theoretical accounts, left and right guidance wheels, all assorted together and interspersed while traveling through the assembly line. With this assembly line in operation, it becomes possible to hold burden smoothing non merely for the measures but besides for the types. The work done in this manner at the concluding assembly line warrants that equalisation can happen in all preceding procedures. These sole lines could merely every bit good be procedures devoted to parts. When all of these lines are equalized, so every line can hold equal work, and work can besides go equalized. When we engage in the load-smoothing system of production, we can set up standard operations throughout the full procedure, covering all procedures and lines. This is one of the chief ends of load-smoothing production. At Toyota, they manufacture through load-smoothing and figure out the rhythm clip and make standard operations. Then they can advance betterment activities. In a nutshell, the Toyota kanban system removes the signboards proportionate to the measure used, and goes to the predating procedure to retreat precisely the same measure. The predating procedure manufactures the exact measure merely withdrawn. The kanban system is a system that keeps on turning this rhythm. Assuming that the concluding procedure has non been converted to the load-smoothing system of production, but insists on utilizing the kanban to have parts, it is a bolt from the blue. The workplace can non utilize than kanban to order 50 boxes today, none tomorrow and 150 boxes the twenty-four hours after tomorrow. If the predating procedure or provider is treated in this mode, arrant confusion will ensue. Under the kanban system, the subsequent procedure withdraws parts and stuffs from the predating procedure every twenty- four hours, with consistence – in the same mode, at the same interval and in about the same sum. It is merely in this manner that the system can win. In Toyota system, they make the size of a batch in the workplace every bit little as possible. If the clip spent for interchanging dice ( one of the many thin production methods ) which provides a rapid and efficient manner of change overing a fabrication procedure from running the current merchandise to running the following merchandise is greater, the batch is likely to stay larger. When the batch is larger, it is frequently assumed that through it the calcium hydroxide lost though the exchange of dice can be recovered. But this can take to the waste originating from overrun. So, they make an beforehand readying of those casts, gigues and tools that can be assembled in front of clip, and to clean and put in their storage topographic points those casts, gigues and tools that are removed merely after the machine starts traveling once more. They keep seeking to better, those operations that can non be performed without halting the machine. So, the clip needed can be significantly redu ced. In interchanging dice for big equipment, Toyota retains the services of a particular unit organized by specializers in die exchange. Long times ago, it took at least 3 hours to interchange dice in an eight hundred-ton imperativeness. Today it takes merely three proceedingss. Assume that a mill is to treat parts A and B in sequence and they have four machines. They do non treat portion A at all four of these machines foremost, and so when this procedure is over, exchange all the dies in these four machines to get down treating portion B. if we did this, it would merely take excessively much clip. But Toyota chooses alternate method. Regardless of how many machines are connected to each other, a processed portion flows one by one with each rhythm clip. Therefore, they do non let anything to flux after the really last A. alternatively they let the air flow. While the air is fluxing into each of these machines consecutive, they engage in the exchange of dice. In other words, our set up alteration takes topographic point with one rhythm clip. At Toyota, they call this a one-shot exchange of dice. Since they use merely one rhythm clip for the exchange of dice, they merely encounter a loss of one portion piece. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ P.62~~~ In set uping a work combination, Toyota has some constructs in be aftering a layout. Alternatively of holding one conveyer line, Toyota prefers to hold multiple lines that are shorter. Toyota puts the entryway and issue together. When the entryway and issue to a procedure is made the same, one can prosecute in the pattern of â€Å" when one portion is withdrawn, another may come in. † In this manner, parts on manus in each procedure can stay changeless. More significantly, this layout can instill in the heads of workers the importance of the just-in-time construct. A 2nd benefit is that the work country becomes clearly defined. Just as with automatic machines, if a worker is stationed at the entryway and issue of goods, it is possible that no 1 else is needed. By seting the entryway and issue together, a worker ‘s work country becomes clearly defined. In this manner, his work becomes more efficient. Another benefit is that there is no otiose gesture. Where procedures are operated manually, the otiose gesture of traveling to some other topographic point and returning is eliminated. Finally, it becomes possible to hold fewer people consistent with the sum of work. To set the entryway and issue together means, in practical footings, to make a layout with a square bracket form, a U form or a circular form. In this manner, as discussed above, otiose gesture is eliminated and, depending on the sum of work required within these otherwise shaped layouts, workers can be added or reduced. Toyota besides uses a people-centered layout and dressed ores work countries. In Toyota, they do non allow one motor power multiple lines because a motor has extra capacity does non intend that it should be allowed to power both line A and B. Suppose A is burned ; so will B. Or when you want to run merely A, and B is non needed, line B still has to be moved. Under kanban system, the shop may keep many sorts of points, but the measure for each demand non be big. In rule, the shop ‘s layout should be one of wider frontage and narrower deepness. As for the stuff flowing, Toyota chooses to utilize smooth-flowing production system. To do the goods flow swimmingly, to raise productiveness and to allow the workers know that walking was besides portion of their work, around 1960 they began puting machines in a consecutive line, liberating workers from their machine enclosures. This new system had the advantage of allowing workers walk while working and manage a figure of machines. But jobs did originate. At first, we placed the machines in a consecutive line and made each group of these machines an independent production line. When we placed workers, based on the figure of autos to be produced, we frequently had a fraction of a whole individual assigned to each of these lines since we could non delegate a fraction of a individual, that figure was raised to one individual. No affair how of the group of line workers tried, each tended to overproduce because of the extra work force, even though it was little. Their solution was to u nite a figure of â€Å" independent † lines, and allow these lines absorb one full individual. They were able to do forces arrangement based on the alterations in the figure of autos to be produced. They still follow this work combination and now can bring forth merely what is needed. Hospital: Hospitals layout can be a really complex edifice types because infirmary includes a broad scope of functional units and services such as Hospitality maps, diagnostic and intervention maps, and the bed-related map or cardinal inmate attention. The specificity of codifications, ordinances or inadvertence which is regulating hospital operations and building can reflect this diverseness. Specific cognition and expertness are needed because of these wide-ranging and germinating maps of a infirmary but those functional units will vie for the precedences or demands. Ideally, the penchants must be balanced against existent functional demands, mandatary demands, and the fiscal position of the organisation. Apart from the broad scope of services which must be accommodated, infirmaries support and function different users. Ideally, the design procedure is integrated with direct input from cardinal hospital staff and from the proprietor in the procedure. The interior decorator has to be an advocator for the visitants, patients, support staff, providers, and voluntaries besides who do non hold direct input into the design by and large. All in all, a good hospital design combines functional demands and restraints with the human demands of its assorted users. Physical relationships between these maps decide the concept of the infirmary. These relationships between the assorted maps are needed which is shown as in the undermentioned flow figure. Flow diagram of general infirmary relationships. Inpatient gives and receives to/from outpatient, research & A ; instruction, diagnostic & A ; intervention, and disposal. Service gives to disposal, diagnostic & A ; intervention, and research & A ; instruction ; and receives from research & A ; learning. Administration gives and receives to/from inmate, diagnostic & A ; intervention and outpatient ; and receives from service. Diagnostic & A ; intervention spring and receives to/from disposal, outpatient, research & A ; instruction, and inmate ; and receives from service. Research & A ; learning spring and receives to/from diagnostic & A ; intervention, inmate, service ; and receives from outpatient. Outpatient spring and receives to/from inmate, research & A ; preparation, diagnostic & A ; intervention, and disposal. Flow diagram of major clinical relationships. Reception & A ; enrollment receive records and station infirmary attention patients and trade with entree. Admission receives from response & A ; enrollment and services inmate wards and outpatient wards. Records go to reception & A ; enrollment, outpatient, diagnostic & A ; intervention, and inpatient wards. Inpatient wards receive from records and entree and in turn lead to dispatch and pharmaceutics. Inpatient wards ‘ divisions ( medical, surgical, and psychiatric ) link to diagnostic & amp ; intervention ‘s divisions ( research labs, mortuary, surgery, x-ray section, P.M.E.R. ) . Dignostic & A ; intervention receive from records, and its divisions ( research labs, mortuary, surgery, x-ray section, P.M.E.R. ) nexus to inpatient wards ‘ divisions ( medical, surgical, and psychiatric ) and outpatient wards ‘ divisions. Outpatient receives from entree and records and in turn lead to dispatch and pharmaceutics. Outp atient ‘s divisions ( outpatient clinics and exigency ) nexus to diagnostic and intervention ‘s divisions ( research labs, mortuary, surgery, x-ray section, P.M.E.R. ) . Pharmacy receives from outpatient and inmate wards and gives to dispatch from both outpatient and inmate. Inpatient wards ‘ discharges receive from inmate wards and pharmaceutics and gives to post infirmary attention. Outpatient discharges receive from outpatient and pharmaceutics. Post infirmary attention leads back to response & A ; enrollment. These flow figures show the communicating and motion of stuffs, waste, and people. Therefore the transit and logistics systems and physical constellation of a infirmary are intertwined inextricably. The transit systems are affected by the edifice constellation, and this constellation depends on the transit systems to a great extent. The infirmary constellation is affected by site chances and restraints, environing installations, clime, available engineering and budget. Now, new engineering and medical demands generate new options. The one important illustration which must be mentioned is Emergency Department in United Hospital. The Emergency Department ( ED ) has become the ‘Front Door ‘ to the infirmary. But the flow to and through the Emergency Department is fraught with constrictions in many infirmaries, with conflicting and confusing messages environing ED. Hospitals with ill placed double or merely one entrywaies see the inefficient operation of those coming in exigency vehicles and self-arriving patients. Many EDs have hapless first brush systems. For illustration, ill designed intervention zones inhibit efficient operations. Furthermore, there are many layout illustrations which require inordinate walking to pull off the patient record, to acquire patients to an x-ray room, or to take supplies merely. These demands lead to increased length of stay within the section and holds in intervention, which besides lead to set much emphasis in staff likewise and patients. Inefficient patient throughp ut causes dearly-won and blemished patient dissatisfaction and operations. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.asianhhm.com/facilities_operations/emergency_department_streamlining.htmArrivalab initio, the layout of the ED begins to demo separate entrywaies for the two types of traffic and they were side-by-side today. However, if they are in close propinquity, it can still hold opportunity of uncertainness and confusion for the self-arrival patients as to which is the right zone. But now, apart from the ambulatory, the layout is to demo clear tracts for the ambulance. This separation begins at the reaching zone to the campus and continues to each entry. The ambulance entryway is spotted so as to non be in sight from those who come to the ambulatory entry. Direction to ED merely points to the Ambulatory Entrance. The demand for self-arriving patients to make up one's mind which entry would be right is eliminated by this agreement. The Ambulatory Entrance is unmistakably obvious and has a system to cover geting patients from the elements. A supply of wheelchairs should be accessible readily and doorway should hold hands-free operation. There should be staff from the infirmary at this point to help the patient to come in the infirmary which is frequently done by security forces.Electronic wellness recordsIn order to better and streamline patient flow, the use of the electronic wellness record is needed. The record of patient must stay closely to the unit clerk who manages the record, when a ‘paper ‘ chart is used. Because physicians, accessory care-givers and nurses must entree this unique and remarkable set of paperss, there are frequent uses but when the location of the chart is difficult to find, much clip is wasted by looking for it. The electronic record is allowed to take in anyplace within the infirmary, particularly at bedside of a patient. Coincident and multiple entree licenses retrieval an d faster entry of informations from the infirmary and from distant diagnostic services like he lab.NosologiesIf we can acquire diagnostic information in a timely mode, it would hold important impact upon patient flow through the ED. Sending the patient who requires X raies to the Radiology Department has becomes excessively troublous in footings of clip including waiting for a radiotherapist ‘s reading, line uping in the section or conveyance clip. This quest to heighten patient throughput causes puting medical imagination within the ED. A batch of patients seen in the section will find the figure of radiographic devices required, but multiple devices can be expected in ED. As for the instance of decentralised supplies, by agencies of decentalisation of diagnostic tools, the benefit of improved throughput can be generated, particularly if digital radiographic devices are used. Although digital medical imagination is filmless, multiple devices do non necessitate to be clustered for operational efficiency. And turnaround clip for image acquisition will be increased by puting a DR in propinquity to the ‘fast-track ‘ zone greatly. It can besides ensue in quicker diagnosings. A 2nd DR can so be placed to function more critical patients handily. Puting a CT scanner near to trauma bays can salvage clip in covering with dangerous situations.ADischarge procedureAfter medical clearance, the patient and his household are given discharge instructions and are released to go forth the infirmary or are admitted to the infirmary. Several stairss must be taken to topographic point patients in a bed if the patient is admitted. The motion of the patient out of the ED and into the bed will impact the overall patient flow greatly. The admitted patients become ‘boarders ‘ in the ED, if beds ca n't be found or location and assignment of beds is slowed. Then boarded patients will busy infinite that could be used to handle the following entrance patient a nd cut down the figure of beds which is available to make so. The handling of inpatient beds is a really complex issue, but it is cardinal that the infirmary be committed to a policy of timely bed handiness for those who need. Contemporary Emergency DepartmentFirst brush Upon reaching, the ambulatory patients must be recognized and given the clip to province his job. This is done by staff who conducts ‘quick enrollment ‘ which is a basic set of identifiers to register the patients into the infirmary ‘s record system but it takes a few proceedingss. The patient is placed rapidly there when beds are available and the enrollment procedure can be finished at the bedside. Supply System Configuration After the speedy enrollment, the patients are given a first appraisal by a clinician. This triage will judge the degree of the patient ‘s status and let the exigency forces to find the precedence to supply attention. The patient is shown to an ‘internal waiting country ‘ in the intervention zone. The patients can be reprioritized and observed, so it can acquire the right patients into a bed rapidly. In order to better patient flow, a policy for handling patients with lower hazard jobs such as lacerations should be developed. This impression of a ‘fast-track ‘ demands to be incorporated within the context of the entire intervention zone. And all beds should be capable of spliting any sharp-sightedness degrees. The fast path patients can be grouped in one country of the section but non isolated in a discreet unit. Based upon the fluctuation in volumes throughout the twenty-four hours, this will increase flexibleness in delegating patients to suites. However, ambulance patients have different paths into the ED. The status of these patients is communicated to the ED by and large by the ambulance forces who is an exigency medical specialty technician. Their reaching is anticipated and care protocol can be implemented quickly. However, there are state of affairss when multiple reachings occur at the same clip basically. A triage of these incoming patients will go necessary, when this happens. In high-volume ED, for illustration injury centres, be aftering for an ambulance triage station will afford sufficient infinite to work out with this job. At Toyota they assign Industrial Engineer to a steadfastly established direction function to heighten betterment in production activities. They start from the existent phenomenon, look into the cause and happen a solution. No affair how much information is provided through informations, it is hard to see the true image of the workplace through informations. When defects are produced, and they find out merely though informations, they miss the opportunity to take appropriate disciplinary action. Thus they may non be able to detect the true cause of the defects, ensuing in their inability to take effectual countermeasures against return. The topographic point where they can capture true province of the workplace is the workplace itself. They can catch defects on the topographic point in the workplace and happen the true cause. They can instantly take countermeasures. When a job occurs, if the mode of examining into the cause is deficient, steps taken can go blurry. At Toyota, they will foremost understand the cause and so seek to repair it. Although the end may be set high, its execution calls for patterned advance in phases. It moves from work betterment to equipment betterment. When good consequences can be obtained with work betterment, and when such work betterment has non been undertaken sufficiently, there is no justification for puting a immense amount in mechanization machines. The consequence of the debut of mechanization machines may approximately be that of a exhaustively conducted work betterment activity. In such a instance, the money spent for equipment investing is wasted. And Toyota will distinguish between man-hours and figure of workers, and between labour salvaging and people salvaging.

New Technology and How It Has Impacted Front Office Operations Essay

According to Bunduhn (2010), the hotel industry, in a worldwide scale, should meet the needs of their clients by adopting technology. In this fast paced world we currently live in. Technology is convenient, fast, and more economically wise to integrate into a system whose formula for success and their criteria for evaluation of good service is the comfort and convenience that the clients experienced bringing in more people, and ultimately more profit; a big plus to other important aspects of the hotel industry. Adopting technology is a big decision, especially when you are about to integrate it into a system that has been proven and tested from the humble beginning of the hotel industry to its current state infact, in spite of the time consuming, manual work that includes paper and pen, it has proven its worth all throughout its existence, some may even consider it safe, but there are ways to inject technology which provides convenience and comfort for the customers, while providing safety. This kind of decision is made by the front office because they are the ones who sort these things out. Front office functions may include room reservations of the guests, telephone ser-vices, and accounting, to name a few and we will be going into them one by one later in this pa-per as well as the benefits that each part can get out of technology. According to Sribd.com, hotels have what they call a guest cycle which includes the fol-lowing: (1) Pre-arrival Stage; (2) Arrival Stage; (3) Occupancy Stage and; (4) Departure stage. All of these stages can benefit from the integration of technology into the system of the hotel front office. During the first stage of the guests cycle, which is the stage where they go through all the possible hotels they are going to, selling a first impression and information, referrals, and various testaments are key to attracting potential clients to your service. One helpful tool in attracting potential guests into considering to stay at a hotel are the social networking sites. Social networking sites pop up today like weeds and it has many users all around the world. It is wise to utilize this kind of software into the system as part of the ad-vertising and sales department. This will be especially helpful in spreading information like wild-fire, and in social networking sites like Facebook, where everyone has access, it can be done, so it is vital to first create a page. Moreover, it also makes the manager’s job easier because if the information provided in the page is complete, or at least nearly complete, then there will be fewer questions asked by the guests upon inquiring for special requests; no more basic information needed. In addition, these types of social networking sites leave space for its users to leave com-ments that can be used to make testaments and comments about the place, and if provided good services, positive feedback will flood the page leaving a good impression on the people viewing your page. Good feedback resulting to more clients; more clients mean more income for your company. When the user has already decided, an application in the internet can immediately help in their reservation- convenience for both the customer and the management of the hotel. The sys-tem that handles these kinds of services such as plane seat and hotel room reservations is called the Global Distribution System or also known by its acronym the GDS. With the help of the GDS, the client can get easy access to reservation sheets allowing them to personally type in the information required in order to get a reservation. Customers can also call in to the front desk for any inquiries that are not clearly stipulated in their social networking site page, or on their web-site, and also for questions whether they can accommodate your special preferences and requests. After all is said and done, the client can already submit their reservation sheet, and then an elec-tronically generated email print of the confirmation letter will be shown on the monitor and can be printed by the guests, for reference purposes. Other means of reserving a room in a hotel that uses the advancement of technology is with the use of telephones or cell phones. With its aid, the customer is not required to visit the hotel, which may be miles away from them and be made at the comforts of their own homes. Basically these varied means in making reservations aim at making it easier for the client to get a room for a vacation, a business trip, making sure they have somewhere to stay in ad-vance. A good way to plan ahead and these advancements makes it easier, both for the client and the hotel’s manager and staff. During the stage when the client is already staying at the hotel, communication is vital in this stage between the staff, the manager, and the guests. Innovations in the communication sys-tem such as the use of the intercom system which is much like the Private Branch Exchange also known with its acronym of PBX, makes it easier for the client to contact front desk for any re-quest that he sees as necessary for him and also from one department to another, no need of marching your way to different areas of the hotel. Using one line for multiple telephones, you only need to dial a phone number that only requires three-digits or four which is assigned to eve-ry department of the hotel. The use of the desktop is very common in the current generation of hotel services. In con-trast to the previous hotels, they used manual handwriting, and that also entails a lot of papers that could possible eat up your work space. With the use of the computer hardware system, which includes, the keyboard, the monitor, the mouse, and certain pre-installed application into the computer, paperwork and writing may not necessary. These kinds of hardware also help in the strict monitoring of the charges of the guests. With pen and paper there is a higher chance of error, for the human mind can sometimes forget and might also be missed out when computing, so with the use of the automatic calculation pro-gram installed by a programmer into the system, the charges can be enumerated and totaled easi-ly, which Is apart of the whole reservation software. Simple small equipment had been very useful in the hotel front office system such as cal-culators, may not be in use in the current system of the hotel industry, but in the past, they were certainly helpful. Lastly, accounting has never been easier with the use of computers and specialized soft-ware provided by companies such as Microsoft and Intact. These accounting software allows management to monitor cash ledgers, the different accounts that goes in and out of the hotel, and payroll, to name a few. It will help with the monitoring of the many accounts of each guests in your hotel, not leaving out anything that they spent during their stay, because no matter what they say about convenience of their guests is their priority, income is still important. In many ways but one, the hotel industry should be thankful to technology because even though managers aide in the growth of the industry, it is the technology that makes their the in-dustry develop. References: Books and Printed Document: Brewer, P. et al. (2008). Current and Future Use in the Hospitality Industry. Bunduhn, R. (2010). Hotel Industry Urged to get Technology Up to Speed. The National Gretzel, U. et al. (2010). Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2010. SpringerWienNewYork. Ferdinand Berger & Sohne Gesellschaft m.b.H., 3580 Horn, Austria Internet: Retrieved from: http://www.scribd.com/doc/38875395/Guest-Cycle. Retrieved: October 17, 2012 Retrieved from: http://www.tourism.bilkent.edu.tr/~jamel/RDM/Guest%20Cycle.doc. Retrieved: October 17, 2012

Ecosystems in South West Australia Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ecosystems in South West Australia - Assignment Example Climate change directly influences the rate of NPP and carbon storage. Drier and warmer climate results in undesirable parameters such as UV radiation, tropospheric and biotic factors that result in reduction in carbon storage in plant parts. Shifts in precipitation and temperature result in the conversion of soil carbon to CO2; therefore, carbon storage is decreased. Shifts in the disturbance regime also influence carbon availability in the ecosystem. Disturbances from wildfires, back beetles, and wind reduce carbon availability and t6he net primary production of other nutrients (Bernard, Leadley and Hungate, 2005). Question Two Mineralization is an important process in the long-term manufacture of nutrients required by plants for growth. Elevated levels of CO2 in the atmosphere stimulate biomass production, increased litter fall, and rhizodeposition. The delivery of labile organic matter increases and in turn, influences the deposition of soil microorganisms that enhance nutrient availability and carbon storage. An increase in the net carbon input in the soil causes decreased nitrogen mineralization, and subsequently increases temporarily immobilized nitrogen as well as carbon sequestration. The result of mineralization is the long-term immobilization of atmospheric nitrogen (Bernard, Leadley, and Hungate, 2005). Nutrient cycling is a highly localized process that involves exchanges between plants and soil in ecosystems.

SIMULATION GAME Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

SIMULATION GAME - Essay Example In addition, the report would outline and provide a brief overview of the industry, particularly the shoe manufacturing industry, within which the company operates. The strategic direction provided for the same would discuss whether the strategic direction matched the outcomes. Finally, the report will outline on the strategic principles, based upon which the company operates and key learning points in the study. To assess the competitive strategy of Black Bottoms in the years 10-15, there is a requirement to analyze the ‘Competitive Intelligence Reports’ (CIR), which will provide a comprehensive understanding of the company’s market scenario. The diagram provided below illustrates that the price, S/Q Rating, Models Offered, Free Shipping, Advertising, Celebrity Appeal, Online Orders, Pairs Sold and Market Share for Black Bottoms. The diagram above clearly displays the scenario of all the three segments for the year 2015 in the North American footwear market. Furthermore, the company has been unable to create a global differentiation strategy, as provided statistics reveals that the company’s S/Q rating, celebrity endorsement and additional services such as free home delivery were falling behind its competitors. Hence, there is no such evidence on how the company has used a single strategy to gain a competitive advantage. The data available from other nations reveal a similar result, wherein, the company has not used any specific competitive strategy. Hence, it can be said that the company does not acquire any consistent competitive strategy. As it can be seen that the company has been redesigning its price structure and differentiating factors, it can be said that Bell Bottoms prefers to reinvent the strategies every year in order to pursue the upcoming opportunities in relation to the market forecast s. Hence, it can be said that the company tries to gain its competitive advantage by updating its

ASSIGNMENT 1-POLSC 440 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ASSIGNMENT 1-POLSC 440 - Essay Example The constituent states of Yugoslavia on the other hand were determined to ensure that they pursued their own nationalist agenda through the acquisition of complete independence from Belgrade. Many of the individuals in these states felt that they were marginalized in the Serb dominated Yugoslavia and wanted to ensure that their own interests were protected and to achieve this, they all wished to have their own independence. The war which developed as a result, especially after the coming to power of Slobodan Milosevic as the Yugoslav president, was extremely complex with many of those involved included the members of various ethnic groups either making alliances or fighting against each other to ensure that they achieved their aims and objectives, however obscure they were. When these wars finally came to an end in the late 1990s, they left the successor states of Yugoslavia in dire economic hardships from which it took them years to recover. There is wide agreement, however, that th e cause of the Yugoslav war was as a result of the development of Serbian nationalism in a state which was ethnically diverse hence the wars of self-determination that resulted. One would suggest that it was the Serbian religious mythology, extreme nationalism, and racist theories which contributed to the occurrence of the war in Yugoslavia. ... The Serbians were the dominant people within the Yugoslav federation and if this state were to collapse, then they would be the biggest losers since their influence over the other ethnic groups in the federation. After Slobodan Milosevic became the Serb leader and by default the leader of the Yugoslav federation in 1987 after a difficult struggle against more powerful member of his party, he encouraged Serb nationalism not only in Serbia but also in the other states in which large Serb communities lived (Vladisavljevic 183). When Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 these three states came to be recognized at the international level and this did not sit well with the government in Belgrade. In the same year as these states declared their independence, there followed fierce fighting between the mainly Serb Yugoslavian army and Croatia in Belgrade’s attempt to hang on to some of the territories in Croatia and when this was not successful , it turned its attention to territory in Bosnia. A sign of the escalation of war took place in 1992 when the Serb army started shelling the National Library of Bosnia-Herzegovina in Sarajevo and in the process, over a million books, more than a hundred thousand manuscripts and rare books, and centuries of historical records were destroyed. Many historians who have studied this period consider this move to have been a systematic campaign of cultural eradication. In one of the events that took place during the war, Serb troops and paramilitary units descended on the town of Srebrenica in Bosnia and began shelling it besieging civilians within it. The United Nations peacekeeping mission in the town which consisted of French

Economics - Financial Institustions and Markets Research Paper

Economics - Financial Institustions and Markets - Research Paper Example This paper looks at the collapse of the repo market and the effect of ‘safe harbor’ facilities provided to the lending institutions in the derivatives market. Arguments have been made that the use of collaterals have made more harm than benefit to the economy and hence alternatives have been discussed to eliminate these facilities from the market. Thesis statement The aim of this paper is to investigate the causes of failure of the financial institutions in the United States. The research is specifically directed towards the study of the structure of the US financial system and the role of safe harbor in the failure of major financial institutions in the country. Introduction The global financial collapse has been one of the most significant incidents in the history of the world and it has raised significant research and debates on the factors that led to a financial breakdown of such a measure. There is considerable debate on the causes of this phenomenon and researcher s have not been able to come to clear consensus about the actual causes of the incident. However, a stream of events has been identified, which are considered to be the possible factors that led to the downfall of the financial institutions

Primary Source Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Primary Source Analysis - Research Paper Example He describes the rise of Christians against the Jews as an error in thinking and wonders whether was really inspired by God. Albeit of Aura wanted to portray that the attacks on Christian were not motivated by their duty to defend their religion, but it was out of pure greed for wealth. He claims that in all the successful expeditions the Christians took and shared the large amount of Jews wealth Ekkehard of Aura describes Emico, a Christian soldier as to be of ill morals and compares him to the biblical Saul whose main aim was to persecute the Christians. He describes expeditions over Emico’s leaders as inconsiderate and ruthless. Ekkehard states that the Christian’s were out to attack any Jew they came along with no consideration on their support of Christianity. He tries to bring out a point that, Christian’s goal was to destroy the Jews and rob them of their possessions. Ekkehard and Albert’s claims are somehow different from the letter of Aymeric to L ouis II of France. Aymeric letter’s was meant to put across a message of suffering the Christian’s were facing in the hands of the many organized Jews. The letter was written in such a way to convince the King to offer the Christians support as a fight back toward the many Jews. Aymeric portrays a weak Christian society against a large group of Jews. Albert and Ekkehard notes the Christian’s cruelty, lack of mercy and persecution of the Jews because of their own race. From their presentation of the message the two authors describes Christian’s acts towards the Jews with a lot of personal feelings attached. He portrays their support for the Jews especially where they use strong abusive words to describe the Christians as greedy, cruel, and merciless and error minded. Amyrec on the other side on his letter to the king of France is seen requesting on enforcement against the Jews. The attacks on the Jews that occurred during the first crusade were cruel and u nnecessary acts that have drawn the line between the future Catholics and Jews. But there is no clear evidence on whether the Catholics organized the crusades specifically targeting theJews or it what motivated by the need to rob them their wealth. Amyrec letter shows the catholic Christian’s request for assistance from the western world (France). If the attacks on the Jews originated from the western world, then this doesn’t display the so called a strong tradition of hatred to the Jews communities. If what Ekkehardof Aura witnessed is anything to go by then, it was wrong for very many innocent Jews to be killed on the eyes of the concerned Catholics, with no act to alter the situation, and that so many people were misled into doing injustices and enter into conflicts with strangers whom they had nothing to hold against, whose possessions made them a viable target for greedy and inhuman soldiers. The evidence portrayed by the following authors could install fear, misu nderstanding and hatred among the Jews and the Catholics but it’s not strong enough to claim that there is a tradition for the Jews people. Such claims on the part of the Jews sympathizers will arouse the negative sentiments toward the Christians as the Jews considered them as idolaters and for this reason they had no respect for the Christian’s symbols and religion at large. A large group of soldiers consisting of

Trade Unions in Great Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Trade Unions in Great Britain - Essay Example Thus, by the end of 2005 the number of those, who take part in the activity of British trade unions, has reduced from 14 to 8 million people. One of the main reasons for such sharp reduction was in the fact, that British workers didn't see any benefits of collective representation. If the numbers of trade unions members are compared, it will be seen that 35.5% of the UK workers were trade unions members in 1993, while their number has declined to almost 28.8% in 2004. (Howe, 2004) This decline is reflected through both absolute numbers and relative percentage of the labour force, presented in the private sector. The number of those, who participate in trade unions in public sector, has nominally increased due to the general increase of this sector labour force, but as a percentage this membership has also fallen. The general profile of trade union members has also changed during this period, with women leaving them and middle-income earners becoming the main force of trade unions now adays. The main reason for the constant decline in the trade union membership in the UK lies in general decline of the 'manufacturing base within the UK and the fragmentation of the workplace, linked to outsourcing and private sector influence in the public sector' (Beaumont, 1992) The bigger portion of those, who are occupied in private sector, has refused from such membership, seeing no use and no protection in trade unions' activity, with 58.8% of public sector workers being members of trade unions at present time. The total number of days devoted to strikes has also reduced, which is connected with the fact, that trade unions prefer devoting less time to strikes, but solving the major problems, without going into details. It is also forecast, that the amount of time, devoted to the strikes, and thus to breaks in working process, will continue to decrease. Speaking about the other reasons membership decline, the following reasons should be taken into account: - a considerable portion of those who represent labour force in the UK is constituted by migrants, who look for jobs on temporary basis and thus have the following reasons not to join the unions: a. the temporary nature of jobs these people prevents them from joining any trade union on the constant basis; b. such workers mostly work for the agencies, and not directly for their employers, which also prevents them from joining a trade union; c. the wages these workers earn are often so low, that the subscriptions they have to pay appear to be excessive for them. Migrants often move from one factory to another and thus they are difficult to be organized. Moreover, together with those, who work on a constant basis, they become very skeptical as for the possible positive role of trade unions in their employment relations. (Howe, 2004) Thus, it is clear that nowadays workers underestimate the role of trade unions in protecting their rights, refusing from membership. As Gall (1994) writes, 'Unions are painfully aware of the need to recruit new and younger members to reverse the decline in membership that has continued for over a decade. The changing nature of the workplace, with a decline in manufacturing and an increasingly fragmented and globalized workforce, is creating difficulties for trade unions which they are finding hard to meet. The sustained declining trend is a little surprising given legislation passed in recent years

Death penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Death penalty - Essay Example From the above, an individual may ask why others would go through while others do not. To answer this question some scholars have managed to find out the racial discrimination that take place in passing out judgements. The race of the victim and that of the defendant determines the judgement passed. One significant problem is the fact that prosecutors are capable of choosing death penalty cases without review. This allows racial discrimination to continue occurring. Results show that 81 percent of all death penalties involve white victims while only half of the total murder cases countrywide entail the white victims. This implies that the chances for getting a death penalty for murdering a white a high. This is even worse when the murderer involved is a black. From 1987, 211 blacks were accorded a death penalty for killing whites while only 14 whites got the same punishment for killing blacks. This racial biasness against blacks and Latin Americans continues as efforts to stop the act has proven unsuccessful. Prosecutors, according to research, have concealed evidence and even at times using threats to coerce confessions. Race, in this country, is a basis for passing a death sentence. Regardless of prosecutor’s immunization against law suits, the government should put more effort in cubing this

Nuclear Weapons should be Extirpate Essay Example for Free

Nuclear Weapons should be Extirpate Essay Nuclear weapons are considered serious threats to the human race and have made the world an insecure residence for living organisms. Nuclear weapons are destructive weapons that obtain its force from nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reaction. Both are theses producers are very harmful for the living organism. Nuclear weapons were first conducted in world war2 on Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan. It killed approximately 70,000 died immediately from the explosion and another 70,000 died from radiation within five years. The killing included the women and children. All nuclear weapons must be abolished around the world for making world secure, and save budget money. The entire world will be more secure if the planet will free of the nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons are the only type of weapons in existence that have the capacity to annihilate the human species and countless other species. The reactions of the nuclear weapons live alive after many years of its used. The best example is Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan. The nuclear bomb was used on these cities during the world war2, but Nagasaki and Hiroshima are still suffering with the reaction of nuclear bomb. Japanese cannot grow any crop in Nagasaki and Hiroshima because the fusion reaction of nuclear bomb is still alive. Without abolition, there is always the danger that nuclear weapons will proliferate, that more and more countries will obtain them. The existence of nuclear weapons leaves open possibility that a nuclear exchange might take place. The nuclear weapons are extra ordinary costly, and the costs continue into the indefinite future. Billions of dollars are wasted each year to pay for nuclear weapons. The cost of research, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance of the nuclear program is very high. Even it becomes higher, when we include the costs of damage to the land, illness of uranium miners,  cancer deaths from nuclear pollution, and the storage of nuclear wastage. Since early 1940s the U.S. alone has spent $4 trillion on nuclear arms. If current policies are implemented, the U.S. will continue to spend some $25-30 billion on nuclear forces. What is the more important education or nuclear bombs that can kill the human? Today, Congress and Administration are watching government spending, shrinking and eliminating programs and taking measures to reduce the deficit. Despite this, the central feature of national security spending for the past fifty years, nuclear weapons, has been rarely touched. Possession of nuclear weapon does not mean that the country is powerful. Many developed countries such as, Australia, Germany, and Spain do not have nuclear bomb. Some countries have already given up nuclear weapons, showing that it is possible for a nation to be secure without nuclear bomb. Three former Soviet republics, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, became nuclear weapons free states by volunteering transferring their nuclear warheads to Russia after the breakup of the Soviet Union. South Africa actually developed a small nuclear arsenal clandestinely, and then dismantled it. Argentina and Brazil have also eliminated their nuclear weapons programs even though they achieved initial success in these programs. These countries give a massage to the nuclear powers that you can succeed without nuclear bomb. In summary, the above analysis shows that nuclear weapons are weapons of great destruction. Our government wastes over thirty- three billion dollars a year of our tax money. Furthermore, nuclear weapons pose serious health risk to those around them, including the citizen. There has not been a significant impact on world affairs by nuclear weapons since world war2. Having a nuclear bomb does not guarantee the better life of the citizen, and development of the country. For these reasons, the nuclear weapons should be banned in entire world.

Music-Induced Affect as Treatment of Elderly Depression Essay Example for Free

Music-Induced Affect as Treatment of Elderly Depression Essay Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Depression in elderly patients is one of the most prevalent psychological problems today. However, research and knowledge regarding this subject is limited and those involved in the application of this knowledge to help elderly individuals experiencing depression are lacking in efficient strategies and training. This paper aims to explore the efficacy of inducing positive affect through music as a strategy in treating depression in elderly individuals. The paper focuses on the effectiveness of music alone as tool in treating depression based on its capability to induce positive affect. It is hypothesized that positive affect continuously induced via music within a set time-period will lessen signs of depression. Introduction Depression has recently been recognized as one of main psychological problems facing society today. Literature shows that treatment of depression needs to be specialized in terms of the population it addresses. Certain groups, such as adolescents, respond to certain treatments differently when compared to another group, such as the elderly. (Aryan Alvidres, 2001; Von Kroff et al, 2001) Depression among the elderly has specifically been found to be rampant and mostly unchecked mainly due to the fact that it was regarded earlier on as a normal step in an individual’s aging. (Casey, 1994) The need for further research on the subject is stressed by the fact that treatments and solutions for depression among elderly individuals are studied only in areas wherein a majority of the population is in the late stages of life. (Bramesfeld, 2003) Also, research has shown that general practitioners involved in treating depression in the elderly need to have more training and information on how best to handle depression in older patients. (Rothera et al, 2002) Diagnosis of depression is also a problem with 70-90% of depressed elderly patients going undiagnosed. (Koenig, 1999) A new strategy being researched for its effectiveness in treating depression employs the use of music techniques. Hendricks et al (1999) showed the potency of music in treating adolescent depression mainly because of its ability to inspire a change in the individual’s emotions. Hanser Thomson (1994) and Hanser (1990) studies have also shown promise in the use of music techniques to treat depression in older individuals. This paper aims to validate these previous studies but will focus only on the musical aspect of the treatment. Previous research included exercise, muscle relaxation techniques, and recall of experiences which could have confounded the results of the previous studies attesting to the effectiveness of music techniques. Research Question   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The goal of this paper is to determine whether there is a significant relationship between music-induced affect and depression. Can positive affect induced by music reduce depression? It is hypothesized that positive music-induced affect has a significant negative relationship with depression. Methods   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The design of the study is experimental and random. Specifically, it makes use of a 22 between-subjects factorial design. One variable will be the music-induced affect which will have two levels in the experiment, presence and absence of music-induced affect. Negative music-induced affect will not be used for ethical reasons. The other variable will be the test scores of the participants assessing the intensity of their depression. This will have two levels, test scores prior to the application of the music technique and test scores acquired after application. The two variables contribute tot eh 22 factorial design. (Mann, 1949) Setting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The study will be conducted in a laboratory setting within primary care facilities from which the participants will be gathered. Performing the experiment in a primary care facility will be more convenient especially because the participants involved are elderly individuals. The laboratory setting will control for confounding variables that could be present in a real environment. Population   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research sample will be composed of individuals from age 65 onwards coming from primary care facilities and who have been diagnosed with depression (ranging from mild to severe). This is to avoid ethical and scientific concerns regarding clinically-induced depression. Data Collection The independent variable is the positive music-induced affect will be measured with the State Form of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised (MAACL-R). (Zuckerman Lubin, 1985) The depression level, the dependent variable, of the participants will be measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). (Beck et al, 1961) Participants will be randomly assigned to two groups. The experimental group will be administered with music sessions aimed at inducing positive affect. The music will be pre-tested on a different set of participants also with depression to check its validity in inducing positive affect. The control group will not be administered with music sessions and will only be administered the Beck Depression Inventory at the start and at the end of the experimentation period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The experimental group will be administered the selected music once daily for a duration of four weeks. During the sessions, participants of the experimental set-up will be asked to clear their minds and to concentrate only on the music being played. The State Form of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised will be administered before and after each session to ensure that positive affect was induced. The Beck Depression Inventory will also be administered to this group at the start and end of the four-week experimentation period to document depression levels. Data Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Collected data will be analyzed statistically with the use of a one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA). The computed marginal means in the ANOVA will be the determining statistical value indicating the effect of positive music-induced affect on depression scores with the Beck Depression Inventory. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Music as a technique employed in treating depression will provide healthcare workers and low-income families with a relatively cost-free strategy of helping elderly individuals experiencing depression. This is also a technique that doesn’t require much training or medical expertise in its administration. All one would need in order to be able to administer this technique is knowledge as to which music selections are prescribed and certified to induce positive affect. This technique, because of its simplicity and speed of application, could also be used as a supplementary strategy to medication, counseling and psychotherapies being employed to treat depression in elderly patients.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research, however, has many limitations. The range of elderly individuals that will be available for experimentation will only be confined to a specific locality. Time constraints will also be an issue. Further study should be conducted on a larger sample size and over a longer experimentation period. Different music styles and variations can also be checked to ascertain maximum effectiveness of the treatment. Gender could also be checked as a factor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Depression is indeed a psychological problem that afflicts today’s elderly individuals. Research regarding effective techniques has to be continued and expanded in order for healthcare workers to be able to best address this growing problem. References Arean, P., Alvidrez, J. (2001). Treating Depressive Disorders Who Responds, Who Does Not Respond, and Who Do We Need to Study? Journal of Family Practices, 50(6), 529 Beck, A., Ward, C., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression, Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571. Bramesfeld, A. (2003). Service provision for elderly depressed persons and political and professional awareness for this subject: a comparison of six European countries. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 392-401 Casey, D. (1994). Depression in the elderly. Southern Medical Journal, 87(5), 559-563 Hanser, S. B. (1990). A music therapy strategy for depressed older adults in the community. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 9, 283-298. Hanser, S. B., Thompson, L. W. (1994). Effects of music therapy strategy on depressed older adults. Journal of Gerontology, 49, 265-269. Hendricks, C., Robinson, B., Bradley, L., Davis, K. (1999). Using music techniques to treat adolescent depression. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education Development, 38(1), 39-46 Koenig, H. (1999). Late-life depression: How to treat patients with comorbid chronic illness.Geriatrics, 54(5), 56-61 Mann, H.B. (1949). Analysis and design of experiments; analysis of variance and analysis of variance designs. New York, Dover Publications. Rothera, I., Jones, R., Gordon, C. (2002). An examination of the attitudes and practice of general practitioners in the diagnosis and treatment of depression in older people. International Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 354-358 Von Kroff, M., Katon, W., Wells, K., Wagner, E. (2001). Improving Depression Care Barriers, Solutions, and Research Needs. Journal of Family Practice, 50(6), 529-561 Zuckerman M, Lubin B. (1985) Manual for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing

Steps of the Decision-Making Process in the CJS

Steps of the Decision-Making Process in the CJS The first step in the decision-making process, which starts when the police are notified of or discover a crime, is investigation. Investigation falls under the Police subsystem of the criminal justice system (CJS). Identification of a suspect and gathering enough evidence to warrant an arrest are the fundamental functions of an investigation. If the police feel they have reason to initiate a search, the standard they must meet in order to do so is probable cause. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 12) (Appalachian State University, p. 1) The second step in the process is arrest. Not counting traffic, there are 11 million arrests per year. Murder, rape, assault and other severe crimes account for slightly less than 2 million of those arrests. Only approximately 20% of crimes police know of end in an arrest. Obviously, arrest, like investigation, lies under the Police subsystem of the CJS (Neubauer Fradella, p. 12) Following arrest a suspect is brought in for booking, the third step of the CJS. Booking creates an administrative record of the suspect and usually includes both photographing and fingerprinting. This is the final step of the CJS that falls under the Police subsystem. (Appalachian State University, p. 1) Charging follows booking and is the fourth step of the CJS. It is also the first stage that involves the court subsystem. If a prosecutor decides there is enough evidence of good quality to show the suspect is guilty of the crime they have been arrested for, the suspect may then be charged with a specific crime. (Appalachian State University, p. 1) Following charging is the initial appearance. Several things happen at an initial appearance. Defendants are notified of the charges they are facing, they are informed of their rights, and a date for their preliminary hearing is decided. About 75% of defendants are sentenced immediately as a result of guilty pleas at the initial appearance. The initial appearance falls under the court subsystem. Bail is set by the judge for defendants who do not plead guilty. This is the most significant part of a defendants initial appearance. It is also part of the courts subsystem. In theory, defendants who cannot pay are held in jail until their trial but in practice, jails are overcrowded to the point that only defendants charged with a serious crime are not released. This is step six in the criminal justice system. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 12) Step seven is the preliminary hearing, which is part of the courts subsystem of the CJS. At the preliminary hearing, the prosecutor must convince the judge there is enough evidence to prove that a crime was committed and that there is probable cause to believe the defendant committed the crime. This is intended as a check against baseless prosecutions but in reality, probable cause is a low enough standard that most defendants are held for further action. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 13) The grand jury provides citizens a buffer against groundless prosecutions. The grand jury is part of the court subsystem. All federal felony prosecutions require a grand jury but they are only used in roughly half of all states. If he succeeds in persuading a simple majority of the grand jurors that there is probable cause that there was a crime committed and probable cause that the defendant committed that crime, an indictment is returned. The grand jury is the eighth step of the CJS. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 13) If the grand jury finds that there is probable cause to proceed they return an accusation, in writing, charging the defendant with the crime. This written accusation is known as an indictment, it falls under the court subsystem of the CJS, and is the ninth step of the process. (Albany County District Attorneys Office, p. 1) The tenth step in the criminal justice system is the arraignment. This step is part of the court subsystem. As at the initial appearance, defendants are advised of their rights. This is usually more extensive at the arraignment. Defendants also receive a copy of the formal charges against them, before entering a plea. Not guilty is the most common plea at this stage. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 13) The trial is the eleventh step of the C1JS and is part of the courts subsystem. Guaranteed by the Constitution, the trial is the most essential right of the defendant. Trials may be either bench (the defendant is tried by a judge only) or jury. In the case of a jury trial, the sequence is: opening statements by the prosecution and the defense, the prosecution calls the first witness, closing arguments by the prosecution and the defense, the judge instructs the jury regarding the law, and the jury deliberates in secret. Over 90% of criminal trials end in convictions. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 14) Following a guilty verdict, the judge will decide on prison, probation or a fine. This is the sentencing phase and is the twelfth step in the CJS. Fines are very unusual in felony cases. The death penalty may be a possibility although it is limited to only some first-degree murder cases.1 (Neubauer Fradella, p. 14) The appeals stage is the thirteenth step of the decision-making process and is part of the courts subsystem. Most defendants who are found guilty at trial file an appeal with an appellate court. Most defendants who have pled guilty do not file appeals. Only 10% of defendants win their appeals. The most important attribute of an appellate court is that it can decide policy matters that affect the entire criminal justice system. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 14) Corrections, the fourteenth step, is the third subsystem of the CJS. Once defendants have been found guilty they are most frequently incarcerated. The most common sentence of past two centuries, incarceration deprives prisoners of their freedom and isolates them from society. The United States has the worlds largest share of its population in prison and these prisons are severely overcrowded. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 379) (Appalachian State University, p. 1) The last of the criminal justice systems decision-making steps, number 14, is release. There are several ways a convict may obtain release: serving the full sentence imposed by the courts, parole or pardon. The most cost effective sentence is parole, a form of punishment that allows a convicted criminal to live in the community provided they meet a variety of conditions while they do so. Convicted criminals may also be incarcerated. In general, jails are intended for terms of less than one year and prisons are meant for terms over one year. Most prisoners do not serve the full term of their sentences.

Comparing the Absurd in The Metamorphosis and Endgame Essay -- Compari

The Absurd in The Metamorphosis and Endgame The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms defines the Absurd as â€Å"A phrase referring to twentieth-century works that depict the absurdity of the modern human condition, often with implicit reference to humanity’s loss or lack of religious, philosophical, or cultural roots. Such works depict the individual as essentially isolated and alone, even when surrounded by other people and things.† (Murfin 2) Franz Kafka and Samuel Beckett were two of the more influential writers in this movement, as both The Metamorphosis and Endgame contain examples of this genre. While the Absurd did not fully develop until after his death, it owes much of its development to Kafka. The Absurd as a genre developed in between two world wars and the authors of this time were so used to shocks and catastrophes that these qualities were of course included in their writings. â€Å"Life held little intrinsic meaning to the characters which populated Kafka's novels and short stories. Man was isolated and constantly subjected to unknown and terrifying forces -- forces without direction, forces without control.† (Kreis 1) The entire plot of Metamorphosis revolves around an instance of absurdity, as Gregor Samsa wakes up one morning to find himself an insect. Kafka’s â€Å"characters †¦ react in a common-sense way when such a response (given the situation) is utterly grotesque.† (Mack 2299) â€Å"All events and incidents seem improbable yet the casual acceptance of Gregor’s transformation by the characters creates a sense of mystery.†(Belur 1) Kafka mixes everyday reality with dreamlike or nightmarish elements. There is never an explanation given as to why Gregor changes, he simply does. Gr... ...municate the incommunicable. Works Cited Belur, Roopa Malavally. Absurdity as Convention in Franz Kafka’s Works. 19 Mar. 2001. 27 Nov. 2002. Coulehan, Jack. Kafka, Franz: The Metamorphosis. 29 Jan. 1997. Literature, Arts, and Medicine Database. 26 Nov. 2002. Esslin, Martin. The Theater of the Absurd. New York: Overlook Press, 1969 Kreis, Steven. Lecture 12: The Existentialist Frame of Mind. 25 July 2002. The History Guide. 27 Nov. 2002. Mack, Maynard, ed. The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1987. Murfin, Ross and Surpryia M. Ray. The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms. Boston: Bedford Books, 1998.

reactors :: essays research papers

Heat is produced in a nuclear reactor when neutrons strike Uranium atoms causing them to fission in a continuous chain reaction. Control elements, which are made of materials that absorb neutrons, are placed among the fuel assemblies. When the control elements, or control rods as they are often called, are pulled out of the core, more neutrons are available and the chain reaction speeds up, producing more heat. When they are inserted into the core, more neutrons are absorbed, and the chain reaction slows or stops, reducing the heat. Reactors can be used for research or for power production. A research reactor is designed to produce various beams of radiation for experimental application; the heat produced is a waste product and is dissipated as efficiently as possible. In a power reactor the heat produced is of primary importance for use in driving conventional heat engines; the beams of radiation are controlled by shielding. Research and test reactors -- also called â€Å"non-power† reactors -- are nuclear reactors primarily used to conduct research, development and education. These reactors contribute to almost every field of science including physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, geology, archeology, and environmental sciences. A breeder reactor is defined as a reactor that both consumes and produces fissionable fuel. Generally breeder reactors produce more fuel than they consume. Breeding is the process by which new fissionable material is created by capturing neutrons from fissions in fertile materials.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fast breeder reactors are reactors where the fission reaction is sustained by fast neutrons. Fast breeder reactors do not require a moderator, allowing for a variety of working fluids. Two types of fast breeder reactors are Gas-Cooled Fast Breeder Reactors (GCBRs), often cooled by pressurized helium, and Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBRs), which are cooled by molten sodium. The reactor core, at its center, has concentrations of ~20% Pu-239 and 80%. Surrounding fuel rods are 100%. The reactor has a high concentration of fissile material at its core, allowing a chain reaction to be sustained even with fast neutrons, despite the lower probability of fast neutrons causing fissions than slow neutrons. A consequence of operating with fast-moving neutrons (hence the common name Fast Breeder Reactors, or FBR) is that there is a higher chance of transmuting U-238(uranium- 238) to Pu-239(Plutonium-239). After a year's worth of operation, the center rods will have concentration of 15% Pu-239 and 85% U-238, with the surrounding material having 95% U-238 and 5% Pu-239.

Oligopolists :: essays research papers

Oligopolists There are four market structures in our economy today : Perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopolies and monopolies. This essay shall describe the oligopoly market.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The definition of an oligopoly states that in an industry, a small number of firms dominate the market. There are a low number of firms in the industry, becasue and adding to the barriers to entry. The barriers of entry to an oligopolistc market include the financial resources needed to enter and such regulations from the government or patents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this market, there is a high degree of differentiated products, and so with all of the above factors combined in this market, the competition is of sales, not of price. There is also a factor of concern from the firms in an oligopolistic market - where the actions of one firm will subsequently effect the other firms in the industry. This results in each oligopolist watching its competitors closely, and is a method of competition between the firms, other than by price wars.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Kinked Demand Curve, is the economical graph that shows why oligopolists tend to adopt a common price -to achieve the greatest price and output.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Hilmer committe, estabilished 1993, is a government body who acts in the interests of recommendations of National Competition policies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1995, the Trade Practises Act (T.P.A.) was introduced. The T.P.A. sets out the general responsibilities of sellers, such as the firms of oligopolies, and out laws actions that may be unfair to the consumers. This includes misleading advertising, market sharing and collusion. Collusion is where the firms of an industry meet a set, common price, or agree not to come into each other in the market area. Oligopolists :: essays research papers Oligopolists There are four market structures in our economy today : Perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopolies and monopolies. This essay shall describe the oligopoly market.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The definition of an oligopoly states that in an industry, a small number of firms dominate the market. There are a low number of firms in the industry, becasue and adding to the barriers to entry. The barriers of entry to an oligopolistc market include the financial resources needed to enter and such regulations from the government or patents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this market, there is a high degree of differentiated products, and so with all of the above factors combined in this market, the competition is of sales, not of price. There is also a factor of concern from the firms in an oligopolistic market - where the actions of one firm will subsequently effect the other firms in the industry. This results in each oligopolist watching its competitors closely, and is a method of competition between the firms, other than by price wars.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Kinked Demand Curve, is the economical graph that shows why oligopolists tend to adopt a common price -to achieve the greatest price and output.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Hilmer committe, estabilished 1993, is a government body who acts in the interests of recommendations of National Competition policies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1995, the Trade Practises Act (T.P.A.) was introduced. The T.P.A. sets out the general responsibilities of sellers, such as the firms of oligopolies, and out laws actions that may be unfair to the consumers. This includes misleading advertising, market sharing and collusion. Collusion is where the firms of an industry meet a set, common price, or agree not to come into each other in the market area.

Supply and Demand

Automotive Industry Supply and Demand Katharyn E. Moore Supply and Demand The automobile industry has certainly have seen fluctuations in supply and demand, especially in the last decade. The economic turmoil of the United States has only been one factor in supply and demand of vehicles. This is evident with employment and income of consumers, interest rates, gas prices and the consumers need for more efficient cars. The demand for more fuel-efficient transportation increases as gas prices rise and the supply for fuel-efficient cars also rises. Manufacturers will increase the supply of fuel-efficient cars to meet the demand. If the prices of these cars are more than what the consumer is willing to pay, the demand will decrease and inventory of these cars will increase. A decrease in price of the fuel-efficient care will cause the demand to increase and the manufacturer to increase supply at the price the consumer is willing to pay. Equilibrium is the supply and demand of fuel-efficient cars will meet at a price that the consumer is willing to pay and the price the manufacture will charge for the car (Colander, 2011). The resources needed for the industry whether it is employees, raw materials, financial and technology affect supply and demand in the automotive industry. These resources are needed to facilitate the making of vehicles and their supply either abundant or scarce will affect the industry. The unavailability of steel in manufacturing of fabricated metal product decreases the ability to supply the framework for a vehicle will decrease (Gross output by Industry, 2010). The manufacturer will have to decrease the supply. The limited availability will increase prices of metal and decreases demand for the product at a higher price. If the demand for cars is high, the manufacturer will have to pay the higher cost and forward that increase on to the consumer increasing the price of the car. The consumer may not want the higher cost car and demand for the car will decrease a factor in moving the supply and demand curves of cars. Alternatives in the automobile industry are ongoing as manufacturers are introducing more fuel-efficient cars as well as biofuel (e85) and electric cars. New technology and consumer preference of these alternatives will affect the supply and demand of vehicles. Consumer preference to a more ecological friendly vehicle increases demand and encourages supply increases from the manufacturer. Consumers have the opportunity to help the environment and decrease the usage for gas when renting a vehicle. Enterprise has added electric cars to their rental fleet along with hybrids and fuel-efficient vehicles (Finance News, 2011). The shift in demand for these vehicles will change the demand curve of alternative vehicles. Consumers are the important factor in supply and demand in the automobile industry. Our decisions of a fuel-efficient vehicle and the price we are willing to pay for these vehicles influence the supply and demand. We have choices as consumers, and these choices influence competition, pricing, and demand of vehicles available for purchase. The supplier will act accordingly to these demands and make available the supply of product the consumer wants. The demand for vehicles is dependent on pricing, new technology, fuel efficiency, alternative fuels and competition (Colander, 2011). These decisions will increase or decrease the supply and demand curves with these choices. With all of these and other factors the supply and demand curve will increase and decrease as the market changes with these influences. Supply and demand will always be changing as we choose to purchase products and services that we need for our psychological and physiological needs. References Colander (2011). Introduction into Macroeconomics. Macroeconomics (7th Ed. ), Chapter Four, United States: McGraw-Hill-Create. Finance News. (2011, October 27). Enterprise Rent-a-Car expands electric vehicle fleet. Retrieved October 30, 2011, from Yahoo. com website: http://finance. yahoo. com Gross output by Industry. (2010, December 14). Retrieved October 28, 2011, from Bureau of Economic Analysis website: http://www. bea. gov U. S. International Trade in goods and services. (2011, October 13). Retrieved October 28, 2011, from U. S. Census Bureau – Economic Analysis News website: http://www. bea. gov

Caterpillar and Komatsu: A Mission Statement Evaluation Essay

Caterpillar and Komatsu are two of the largest heavy equipment manufacturers in the world with total revenue of over $29.1 billion dollars for fiscal year 2001 between the two companies. Caterpillar was established in 1925 after Benjamin Holt and Daniel Best merged their two companies, both of which had been in business for over 35 years each. Komatsu was founded in 1921 when Komatsu Iron Works was spun off as an independent corporation from Takeuchi Mining Industry, Ltd. Both companies, Caterpillar and Komatsu, have since established themselves in the market as leaders of heavy equipment manufacturing. A review of the websites and mission statements for each company speaks volumes about the company and their philosophy towards doing business. Each mission statement was evaluated for the following components as per the UniModule for the course: Customers, Products or services, Markets, Technology, Concern for survival, growth and profitability, Philosophy, Self-concept, Concern for public image and Concern for employees. Additionally, each mission statement, as well as the company web site and company reports, was reviewed to determine how the priorities of the stockholders were addressed. Caterpillar Caterpillar has both a vision and a mission to drive their company. The vision is basically stated, â€Å"Be the global leader in customer value† (Caterpillar). This basic statement drives the four different aspects of the mission and the company as a whole. The vision also shows a strong concern for survival and growth with a forward-looking vision to the future. In addition, a basic vision such as this also drives the philosophy of the company as they strive to be the best in their market. The first section of the mission statement is as follows: Caterpillar will be the leader in providing the best value in machines,  engines and support services for customers dedicated to building the world’s infrastructure and developing and transporting its resources. We provide the best value to customers. (italics as included in statement) (Caterpillar) As this section states, Caterpillar believes in supporting the customer through all aspects of its operations. This section also addresses Caterpillar’s philosophy in their products and services by providing the best value to their customers. The second section of the mission statement states: Caterpillar people will increase shareholder value by aggressively pursuing growth and profit opportunities that leverage our engineering, manufacturing, distribution, information management and financial services expertise. We grow profitably. (italics as included in statement) (Caterpillar) This section addresses Caterpillar’s concern for shareholder value by directly addressing their goals to increase value as part of the statement, and not as an afterthought. The simple line, â€Å"We grow profitably† shows a strong faith in their future as a company. The third section read: Caterpillar will provide its worldwide workforce with an environment that stimulates diversity, innovation, teamwork, continuous learning and improvement and rewards individual performance. We develop and reward people. (italics as included in statement) (Caterpillar) A strong concern for the employees is shown in this section of the mission statement. According to the Caterpillar website, the company offers extensive training and employee development, as well as a multitude of benefits for their employees. The final section of the mission statement is as follows: Caterpillar is dedicated to improving the quality of life while sustaining the quality of our earth. We encourage social responsibility. (italics as included in statement) (Caterpillar) Finally, Caterpillar addresses their concern for the public image of the company by addressing environmental and social issues in their mission statement. Caterpillar is involved in several environmental and social projects in the communities that they are a part of, whether in the United States or around the world. Overall, the vision and mission statement for Caterpillar is strong and clear, providing a valuable direction for the company in all aspects of their operation. Komatsu Komatsu has established a basic mission statement as well as a Code of Worldwide Business Conduct (Code) booklet that helps to guide the company in its global business dealings. This Code is updated annually to reflect any new or changed information that may affect how the company performs on a global level. The mission statement, which is actually an opening statement by the president of the company, Masahiro Sakane, reads as follows: Komatsu is committed to Quality and Reliability as the very cornerstones of its management to maximize its corporate value. Through business activities, we at Komatsu work to enhance the corporate value of Komatsu for shareholders and all other stakeholders by promoting activities to become a Strong Company, while simultaneously observing the â€Å"Rules of the Business Community (the Rules)† and fulfilling the responsibility of corporate citizenship to become a Good Company. In this manner, I believe that we can improve the Quality and Reliability of management and employees. (Komatsu) By breaking down the opening statement, as well as the pertinent sections of the Code, we can evaluate the company’s means for addressing the different  requirements from the UniModule. A driving force behind the Code is the strong commitment to quality and reliability for their products. This is addressed in the management direction section of the code, which provides five guidelines for enhancing quality and reliability. The first guideline directly addresses the customers’ needs and concerns, as well as the product and/or services themselves, by â€Å"constantly providing safe and innovative products/service and systems from the viewpoint of our customers.† (Komatsu) Additionally, product safety is mentioned as one of the main aspects for quality and reliability. According to Komatsu, â€Å"all employees place the highest priority for assurance of safety when engaging in development, production, procurement, sales, service and all other stages.† (Komatsu) References Caterpillar Company Information. Mission. Caterpillar. Retrieved on June 20, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.cat.com/about_cat/company_information/03_mission/mission.html Komatsu Code of Business Conduct. Komatsu, Inc. Retrieved June 20, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.komatsu.com/profile/index.html

ASEAN Economic Integration 2015 Essay

As the world today becomes more complex in term of politics and economics, there are agreements or treaties created in order to maintain the stabilization and development. One of the significant things that most states mainly concern about is the economic development; as a matter of fact, since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the world has given more priority to the economic development. On top of that, there were creations of free trade agreement among countries or regions; for instance, ASEAN was created in the purpose of regional development especially in economic. Moreover, ASEAN has proposed an objective to be succeeded in 2015 which is known as the economic integration or ASEAN Economic Community. There are three important factors that lead to the creation of ASEAN economic integration in 2015. First, ASEAN free trade area for free flow of goods is an agreement to reduce the trade barrier across the ASEAN countries, found in 1992 (The ASEAN Secretariat, 2012). At first, there were only six members of ASEAN joining and discussing about the free flow of goods during the early 1990s. In 2000, ASEAN has reached four more members such as Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Myanmar, and those countries were not developed much in economic; so, as the former six members could reach the similarity development in term of economic, the proposal that was concerned over the free trade area is still existed. It needs time for the new member states to reach the development as the ASEAN has defined the year 2015 for the economic integration, and it means that the new member states need to develop themselves until they reach the demand from the other member in productivity which it was estimated to be in 2015. Additionally, in order to reach this objective, it needs the entire new member states have higher economic growth and sign for agreement on trade. Once a country has free trade, it could lead to the international competition and also developing the country. Second, ASEAN framework agreement on services was created in order to limit the flow of services, established in 1995 and also known as the factor leading to economic integration (Hai, 2004). The aim of creating this agreement is to promote the free flow of services in the economic integration 2015. As some countries in ASEAN still need to develop, all of the member states have to cooperate well among other especially in trade and education. On top of that, technological transfer from state to state could  lead to the skillful labor forces. While having skillful forces, it makes easier for state to attract the investment. As all of the members consist of skill labors and form as a regional group, they can gain the beginning power in term of production and services. Furthermore, ASEAN will play more roles in the world economic competition on free flow of services as well as the productions. Accordingly, it could increase in service market; for instance, Singapore is one of the developed countries that is considered as the knowledge based economic which is referred to the use of services beside productions (Yue, 2001). Another factor that leads to the creation of ASEAN economic integration 2015 is the ASEAN investment agreement (AIA). It is an agreement between the member states for the open and free flow of investment throughout the region as well as to enrich the competitiveness and attraction of Direct Foreign Investment. This agreement focus on four blueprints such as progressive liberalization of investment among member states, enhancing the protection of investors and their investment, improvement of regulations to increase investment, and promotion integrated investment area. Due to these principles, it can contribute a lot advantages to member states mainly for three aspects. First, because of the free flow of investment into the regime, ASEAN has gained the Capital increase. Even when there was the Asian Financial crisis, ASEAN remained strong with the growth of threefold accounted from US$ 23 billion in 1998 to US$ 69 billion. Obviously, the intra-ASEAN has also been expanded to US$ 10.7 million, and for the foreign direct investment, it keeps growing which accounted for US$ 30.1 billion (2012). Second, AIA is one of main causes that create jobs for most of ASEAN citizens which approximately in total of 600 million people. When there were direct foreign investments, many factories and companies consumed labor forces to work in their firm; therefore, as a result, ASEAN employment rate will rise remarkably. Last but not least, the economic development is surely achieved by the free flow of investment. There will be advancement in any field such as infrastructures, technology, healthcare, education, etc when it comes to the accessibility to the manufacturing or services. All in all, the ASEAN investment agreement is the driving cause that provide three important benefits like increasing capital, creating more jobs, and improving economic development. After mentioning about the factors that lead to the ASEAN economic integration  2015, we can inferred that it is important for ASEAN to be ready for the economic integration 2015 as it could lead ASEAN to become a highly developed region that plays important role in the world economic. References Hai, T. C. (2004). Mutual Recognition of Surveying Qualifications within the ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services. Fig.net. Retrieved from http://www.fig.net/pub/monthly_articles/november_2004/teo_november_2004.pdf The ASEAN Secretariat. (2012). The ASEAN Free Trade Area. Asean.org. Retrieved from http://www. asean.org/communities/asean-economic-community/category/overview-10 Yue, C.S. (2001). Singapore: Towards a Knowledge-Based Economy. Retrieved fromhttp://www.d1074616.domain.com/worldcapitalinstitute/makciplatform/files/Singapore_Towards%20k-Economy_0.pdf Topic: Preparing for the ASEAN Economic Community 2015: What Can We and Government Do? The Practice of Liberalism in the ASEAN Economic Community: Changing Challenges into Positive Opportunities for the Success of Indonesia in the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015 ASEAN Economic Community or commonly called the AEC will be realized in the next two years. AEC planned to take place in 2015. In order to realize the AEC in 2015, all ASEAN countries should liberalize trade in free movement of goods, services, investment, skilled labor, and freer flow of capital, as listed in the AEC blueprint. Based on this, the ASEAN Economic Community can be used as a container for the potential benefit for the countries incorporated in it, but on the other hand also simultaneously AEC can be a boomerang effect for countries that are not yet ready to face the AEC in 2015. Therefore, the free market which will be implemented in the 2015 AEC makes the countries who are members of ASEAN are competing to prepare its resources in order to compete and survive in a free competition because they do not want to become victims of exploitation in the AEC 2015. Indonesia as one of the countries that are members of the ASEAN community is also incorporated in this economic int egration. Preparation of Indonesia in facing the AEC 2015 which is getting closer to the finish line is  interesting to discussed, given the euphoria in welcoming the 2015 AEC Indonesia is still not so pronounced, whereas the 2015 AEC will begin in two years. In this case if Indonesia does not merely want to be a spectator of the exploited towards the existence of economic integration in ASEAN (AEC), Indonesia needs to realize the integrated challenges that will be faced in the implementation of the AEC in 2015. It aims to make Indonesia can change the challenges they face into opportunities in order to get benefits due the AEC 2015. In analyzing the challenges to be faced by Indonesia, I would like to use the perspective of the theory of liberalism considering that the establishment of the AEC as a free trade area, single market aims to make ASEAN more dynamic and competitive market which is the implementation of liberalism. The liberal understanding of international political economy as an application of the theory and methodology of international economics that separates the interaction between economics and politics. The existence of a strong and active role in the mechanism of the market has eclipsed the government authorities who are the main actors of the country. Economics and politics are two arenas are supposed to be separated and each operating according to the rules of logic and its own logic. Because liberals believe that economic factors are the determinant of all social processes and then according to them that international political economic phenomena can be explained by the various existing theories in economics. Linked to the challenges faced by Indonesia in AEC 2015 was that the implementation of the liberalism in the economic field may be adversely affected because there is no one system that was created in this world is perfect. The following are the negative impacts of the implementation of the liberalization of the economy: First liberalism in the world economy can enlarge the gap between countries. Second, liberalism will create a dependency relationship between rich countrie s with poor countries. Third, the market mechanism system will cause adverse monopoly power. Fourth, Liberalism tends to bring instability in the economy. Based on the four negative impact of liberalism, we will know how the challenges faced by Indonesia significantly and further more we can know the appropriate ways in facing the challenges toward ASEAN Economic Community 2015. The first negative impact of the implementation of liberalism is liberalism in the world economy can enlarge the gap between countries. The liberalization of various sectors of the economy will create  free competition in the world market. It means, when free competition occurs, then the countries that have relatively high levels of the economy will be stronger, while those with relatively low levels of the economy will be weak. In this case the economic level ASEAN countries are very diverse. Specifically, the level of economic progress in ASEAN classified into (1) a group of developed countries (Singapore), (2) a dynamic group of countries (Malaysia and Thailand), (3) group of middle-income count ries (Indonesia, the Philippines and Brunei Darussalam), and (4 ) group of underdeveloped countries (Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam). It is unfortunate that position of Indonesia based on the economic level in ASEAN is in the group of middle income countries. Though Indonesia to all its potential and its resources can be make itself as a big country compared to other ASEAN countries. It is caused by conditions in the Indonesian national which tends to be unstable. Not only economic, but also political stability in Indonesia was not stable Moreover when we link to the increase corruption case that lately occurred in Indonesia. So in order to overcome this problem required an integrative solution formulated by the national government to improve national conditions in Indonesia. The solution does not only focus on economic reform but also to improve political stability to run healthier. Infrastructure Improvements, reform the institutional and governance in order to have integrated coordination, and improving the quality of human resources in Indonesia are three main keys to deal the challenges faced by Indonesia in AEC 2015. Second, liberalism will create a dependency relationship between rich countries with poor countries. One problem that occurs is the policy of privatization of State Owned Enterprises (SOE)/(BUMN) a country that is purchased by a foreign country as a consequence of liberalization. Because the state â€Å"considers† itself no longer able to manage and finance the production process of the SOEs, though generally an entity or SOE firms that are closely related to lives of many people. So it does not rule out the influence of one countries to the other countries might have a strong influence. In this case, the government should be firmly protecting state-owned property because no denying that with the ASEAN economic community of state sovereignty would fade. It must have been the challenge for Indonesia in which Indonesia should build the image of dignity as a strong state despite sharing sovereignty between ASEAN  countries. Not only has the strong ability of diplomacy Indonesian government should also set up a strong military device to build an image as a big country. Third, the market mechanism system will cause adverse monopoly power. It means, if in practice a developing country cannot adapt itself to free trade competition in AEC 2015, it can be said that country would only be a victim of other major countries which are able to dominate the market. It can be ascertained that the products made ​​in state are victims of free trade can be dead in the market. In this issue, Indonesia should know the economic actors who will compete at the AEC 2015. Where we know that most of the Indonesian economic actors come from entrepreneurs who run Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). SMEs engaged in various economic activities which are now considered by all stakeholders as an important sector in addressing the problems faced by the nation’s unemployment and poverty. The role of SMEs that currently there were approximately 55 million units and businesses throughout Indonesia, not only expected to increase employment, and tackle the problem of unemployment, but it also can accelerate regional development. It implies that the role of government is no longer only help the growth of SMEs in the national level, but how to make Indonesian SMEs can compete in the global marketplace. At least, there are three main problems faced by SMEs in Indonesia: (1) the issue of financing for capital, (2) technological issues which some SMEs still have not been able to optimize existing technology, (3) marketing issues. Associated to the three problem s mentioned above, the government should focus on solving the problem of SMEs in Indonesia given that economic actors in Indonesia are mostly SMEs. The solution is intended to provide micro-credit in the financing of capital and also not forget to provide integrated technical training on the technology used and also how to market their products efficiently. Fourth, liberalism tends to bring instability in the economy. In the free trade later, AEC 2015 will lead to price volatility and exchange rates tend to be irregular. This condition will increase the uncertainty in the national economy when a country cannot use it properly. In order to maintain economic stability and to avoid improper policy making, Indonesian government who has responsibility in fiscal economy policy and Indonesian Banks as a central bank who has responsibility in monetary economic policy makers must collaborate in analyzing free market in the 2015  AEC. In short, ASEAN Economic Community that will be implemented in the next few years is not only opportunities but also cause threats to ASEAN countries, including Indonesia. Whether Indonesia will be a state that can take the opportunity to improve their economic or otherwise become a country that is only going to become victims of exploitation for other countries is a challenge and result of Indonesia’s preparation in facing AEC 2015. Based on the perspective of liberalism, AEC 2015 which imposes free trade among ASEAN countries poses challenges to be faced by the ASEAN countries including Indonesia. These challenges can be overcome to proper preparation of the Indonesian government to national development programs that are appropriate and sustainable in the various sectors in order to achieve the success of Indonesia in the ASEAN Economic Community 2015. 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